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SIM imaging resolves endocytosis of SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD in living cells

Miao et al., Cell Chemical Biology, doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.02.001
Mar 2023  
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HCQ for COVID-19
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In Vitro study showing that the antiviral compounds bafilomycin a1 (BafA1), ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), chloroquine (CQ), hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), and dynasore trap SARS-CoV-2 on the cell surface, preventing viral entry through the endocytic pathway. Using live cell imaging with organic dye probes attached to the host receptor ACE2 and viral spike protein, authors track the viral entry pathway from the cell surface to the late endosome. Treatment with 100 nM BafA1 trapped the virus on the cell surface, with almost no virus detected in late endosomes. Other compounds including HCQ also significantly reduced the endosomal to surface virus ratio, suggesting they block endocytic viral entry.
Antiviral compounds like BafA1, NH4Cl, CQ, and HCQ were thought to trap SARS-CoV-2 in late endosomes through alkalinization mechanisms that block a critical proteolytic step needed for viral entry. However, these results suggest that alkalinization of the endosome may not be the only or primary mechanism. It is possible that both of these mechanims play a role:
- Blocking ACE2 endocytosis: the imaging data shows that compounds like HCQ can trap the virus on the cell surface by preventing the internalization of the ACE2 receptor. This suggests that inhibiting viral entry at an early stage is an important mechanism of action for these drugs.
- Endosomal alkalinization: prior studies have shown that compounds like BafA1, NH4Cl, CQ, and HCQ can raise the pH of endosomes, which is thought to inhibit the proteolytic processing needed for SARS-CoV-2 to fuse with the endosomal membrane and release its contents into the cell. The imaging data suggests this may not be the primary mechanism, however it could still play a role in inhibiting any virus particles that manage to enter endosomes, or in different cells/environments where the previous mechanism is less effective.
Note that authors did not perform dose response analysis and the single dose tested for HCQ/CQ is relatively high. Only a small percentage of patients in Ruiz et al. had ELF concentrations exceeding this dose for 400mg HCQ daily. The new mechanism of action here may require higher concentrations.
38 preclinical studies support the efficacy of HCQ for COVID-19:
Miao et al., 31 Mar 2023, peer-reviewed, 7 authors. Contact: zcxu@dicp.ac.cn (corresponding author), zcxu@dicp.ac.cn (corresponding author).
In Vitro studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.
This PaperHCQAll
SIM imaging resolves endocytosis of SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD in living cells
Lu Miao, Chunyu Yan, Yingzhu Chen, Wei Zhou, Xuelian Zhou, Qinglong Qiao, Zhaochao Xu
Cell Chemical Biology, doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.02.001
Highlights d RBD endocytosis is resolved by imaging the location and ratio of ACE2/RBD fluorescence d Exploring the initiation and influencing factors of RBD internalization d The movement and maturation of ACE2/RBD co-localized vesicles are tracked by SIM imaging
enlightenment on the pathogenic mechanism of COVID-19 and the development of antiviral drugs, but the molecular mechanism remains to be further analyzed. STAR+METHODS Detailed methods are provided in the online version of this paper and include the following: AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS Concepts were conceived by Z.X. and L.M.; L.M. designed the experiments and analyzed the data; C.Y., X.Z., and L.M. performed live-cell experiments; W.Z. and Q.Q. performed compound synthesis; L.M. and Z.X. wrote the manuscript. DECLARATION OF INTERESTS The authors declare no competing interests. STAR+METHODS KEY RESOURCES
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