Inhibitory capacity of chloroquine against SARS-COV-2 by effective binding with angiotensin converting enzyme-2 receptor: An insight from molecular docking and MD-simulation studies
Nabajyoti Baildya, Narendra Nath Ghosh, Asoke P Chattopadhyay
Journal of Molecular Structure, doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129891
The main binding site for SARS-COV-2 spike protein in human body is human Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) protein receptor. Herein we present the effect of chloroquine (CLQ) on human ACE2 receptor. Molecular docking studies showed that chloroquine have a docking score is quite high compare to other well known drugs. Furthermore, molecular dynamics (MD) studies with CLQ docked ACE2 results in large fluctuations on RMSD up to 2.3 ns, indicating conformational and rotational changes due to the presence of drug molecule in the ACE2 moiety. Analysis of results showed that CLQ can effect the conformation of human ACE2 receptor. We believed that this work will help researchers to understand better the effect of CLQ on ACE2.
References
Abraham, Gready, Optimization of parameters for molecular dynamics simulation using smooth particle-mesh Ewald in GROMACS 4.5, J Comput Chem
Baildya, Ghosh, Chattopadhyay, Inhibitory activity of hydroxychloroquine on COVID-19 main protease: an insight from MD-simulation studies, J Mol Struct
Berendsen, Van Der Spoel, Van Drunen, GROMACS: a message-passing parallel molecular dynamics implementation, Comput Phys Commun
Biot, Daher, Chavain, Fandeur, Khalife et al., Design and synthesis of hydroxyferroquine derivatives with antimalarial and antiviral activities, J. Med. Chem
Boonstra, Onck, Van Der Giessen, CHARMM TIP3P water model suppresses peptide folding by solvating the unfolded state, The journal of physical chemistry B
Bosseboeuf, Aubry, Nhan, Pina, Rolain et al., Azithromycin inhibits the replication of Zika virus, J Antivirals Antiretrovirals
Delvecchio, Higa, Pezzuto, Valadão, Garcez et al., Chloroquine, an endocytosis blocking agent, inhibits Zika virus infection in different cell models, Viruses
Devaux, Rolain, Raoult, ACE2 receptor polymorphism: susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2, hypertension, multi-organ failure, and COVID-19 disease outcome, Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection
Fantini, Di Scala, Chahinian, Yahi, Structural and molecular modeling studies reveal a new mechanism of action of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine against SARS-CoV-2 infection, Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents
Felsenstein, Herbert, Mcnamara, Hedrich, COVID-19: immunology and treatment options, Clinical Immunology
Furuta, Komeno, Nakamura, Favipiravir (T-705), a broad spectrum inhibitor of viral RNA polymerase, Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B
Gao, Tian, Yangbreakthrough, Chloroquine Phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies, Biosci Trends,
doi:10.5582/bst.2020.01047
Gautret, Lagier, Parola, Meddeb, Mailhe et al., Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial, Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents
Huang, Wang, Li, Ren, Zhao et al., Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in, The lancet
Kandeel, Al-Nazawi, Virtual screening and repurposing of FDA approved drugs against COVID-19 main protease, Life Sci
Lee, Tran, Allsopp, Lim, Hénin et al., CHARMM36 united atom chain model for lipids and surfactants, The journal of physical chemistry B
Liu, Cao, Xu, Wang, Zhang et al., Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro, Cell Discov
Liu, Zhou, Li, Garner, Watkins et al., Research and Development On Therapeutic Agents and Vaccines For COVID-19 and Related Human Coronavirus Diseases
Marmor, Kellner, Lai, Melles, Mieler, Recommendations on screening for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy (2016 revision), Ophthalmology
Mcbride, Van Zyl, Fielding, The coronavirus nucleocapsid is a multifunctional protein, Viruses
Peiris, Lai, Poon, Guan, Yam et al., Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome, The Lancet
Pettersen, Goddard, Huang, Couch, Greenblatt et al., UCSF Chimera-A visualization system for exploratory research and analysis, J Comput Chem
Retallack, Di Lullo, Arias, Knopp, Laurie et al., Zika virus cell tropism in the developing human brain and inhibition by azithromycin, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Savarino, Boelaert, Cassone, Majori, Cauda, Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: an old drug against today's diseases, The Lancet infectious diseases
Stadler, Masignani, Eickmann, Becker, Abrignani et al., SARS-Beginning to understand a new virus, Nature Reviews Microbiology
Tahir, Shah, Zaman, Khan, A Dynamic Compartmental Mathematical Model Describing The Transmissibility Of MERS-CoV Virus In Public, Punjab University Journal of Mathematics
Trott, Olson, AutoDock Vina: improving the speed and accuracy of docking with a new scoring function, efficient optimization, and multithreading, J Comput Chem
Velthuis, Van Den Worm, Sims, Baric, Snijder et al., Zn2+ inhibits coronavirus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity in vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in cell culture, PLoS Pathog
Wang, Cao, Zhang, Yang, Liu et al., Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro, Cell Res
Wang, Zhang, Du, Du, Zhao et al., Remdesivir in Adults With Severe COVID-19: a randomised, Double-Blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial, The Lancet
Xue, Moyer, Peng, Wu, Hannafon et al., Chloroquine is a zinc ionophore, PLoS ONE
Zumla, Hui, Perlman, Middle East respiratory syndrome, The Lancet
{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2024, 3, 11]], 'date-time': '2024-03-11T23:56:35Z', 'timestamp': 1710201395833},
'reference-count': 32,
'publisher': 'Elsevier BV',
'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2021, 4, 1]],
'date-time': '2021-04-01T00:00:00Z',
'timestamp': 1617235200000},
'content-version': 'tdm',
'delay-in-days': 0,
'URL': 'https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/'},
{ 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2021, 4, 1]],
'date-time': '2021-04-01T00:00:00Z',
'timestamp': 1617235200000},
'content-version': 'stm-asf',
'delay-in-days': 0,
'URL': 'https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-017'},
{ 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2021, 4, 1]],
'date-time': '2021-04-01T00:00:00Z',
'timestamp': 1617235200000},
'content-version': 'stm-asf',
'delay-in-days': 0,
'URL': 'https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-037'},
{ 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2021, 4, 1]],
'date-time': '2021-04-01T00:00:00Z',
'timestamp': 1617235200000},
'content-version': 'stm-asf',
'delay-in-days': 0,
'URL': 'https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-012'},
{ 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2021, 4, 1]],
'date-time': '2021-04-01T00:00:00Z',
'timestamp': 1617235200000},
'content-version': 'stm-asf',
'delay-in-days': 0,
'URL': 'https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-029'},
{ 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2021, 4, 1]],
'date-time': '2021-04-01T00:00:00Z',
'timestamp': 1617235200000},
'content-version': 'stm-asf',
'delay-in-days': 0,
'URL': 'https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-004'}],
'content-domain': {'domain': ['elsevier.com', 'sciencedirect.com'], 'crossmark-restriction': True},
'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2021, 4]]},
'DOI': '10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129891',
'type': 'journal-article',
'created': {'date-parts': [[2021, 1, 8]], 'date-time': '2021-01-08T17:22:13Z', 'timestamp': 1610126533000},
'page': '129891',
'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/elsevier_cm_policy',
'source': 'Crossref',
'is-referenced-by-count': 17,
'title': 'Inhibitory capacity of chloroquine against SARS-COV-2 by effective binding with angiotensin '
'converting enzyme-2 receptor: An insight from molecular docking and MD-simulation studies',
'prefix': '10.1016',
'volume': '1230',
'author': [ {'given': 'Nabajyoti', 'family': 'Baildya', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Narendra Nath', 'family': 'Ghosh', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Asoke P.', 'family': 'Chattopadhyay', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}],
'member': '78',
'reference': [ { 'key': '10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129891_bib0001',
'series-title': 'Research and Development On Therapeutic Agents and Vaccines For COVID-19 '
'and Related Human Coronavirus Diseases',
'author': 'Liu',
'year': '2020'},
{ 'issue': '3',
'key': '10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129891_bib0002',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '209',
'DOI': '10.1038/nrmicro775',
'article-title': 'SARS—Beginning to understand a new virus',
'volume': '1',
'author': 'Stadler',
'year': '2003',
'journal-title': 'Nature Reviews Microbiology'},
{ 'issue': '9366',
'key': '10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129891_bib0003',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '1319',
'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13077-2',
'article-title': 'Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome',
'volume': '361',
'author': 'Peiris',
'year': '2003',
'journal-title': 'The Lancet'},
{ 'issue': '4',
'key': '10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129891_bib0004',
'first-page': '57',
'article-title': 'A Dynamic Compartmental Mathematical Model Describing The '
'Transmissibility Of MERS-CoV Virus In Public',
'volume': '51',
'author': 'Tahir',
'year': '2019',
'journal-title': 'Punjab University Journal of Mathematics'},
{ 'issue': '9997',
'key': '10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129891_bib0005',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '995',
'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60454-8',
'article-title': 'Middle East respiratory syndrome',
'volume': '386',
'author': 'Zumla',
'year': '2015',
'journal-title': 'The Lancet'},
{ 'issue': '8',
'key': '10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129891_bib0006',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '2991',
'DOI': '10.3390/v6082991',
'article-title': 'The coronavirus nucleocapsid is a multifunctional protein',
'volume': '6',
'author': 'McBride',
'year': '2014',
'journal-title': 'Viruses'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129891_bib0007',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949',
'article-title': 'Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results '
'of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial',
'author': 'Gautret',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129891_bib0008',
'series-title': 'Remdesivir in Adults With Severe COVID-19: a randomised, Double-Blind',
'author': 'Wang',
'year': '2020'},
{ 'issue': '7',
'key': '10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129891_bib0009',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '449',
'DOI': '10.2183/pjab.93.027',
'article-title': 'Favipiravir (T-705), a broad spectrum inhibitor of viral RNA polymerase',
'volume': '93',
'author': 'Furuta',
'year': '2017',
'journal-title': 'Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B'},
{ 'issue': '50',
'key': '10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129891_bib0010',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '14408',
'DOI': '10.1073/pnas.1618029113',
'article-title': 'Zika virus cell tropism in the developing human brain and inhibition by '
'azithromycin',
'volume': '113',
'author': 'Retallack',
'year': '2016',
'journal-title': 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'},
{ 'issue': '1',
'key': '10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129891_bib0011',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '6',
'DOI': '10.4172/1948-5964.1000173',
'article-title': 'Azithromycin inhibits the replication of Zika virus',
'volume': '10',
'author': 'Bosseboeuf',
'year': '2018',
'journal-title': 'J Antivirals Antiretrovirals'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129891_bib0012',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117627',
'article-title': 'Virtual screening and repurposing of FDA approved drugs against '
'COVID-19 main protease',
'author': 'Kandeel',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Life Sci.'},
{ 'issue': '1',
'key': '10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129891_bib0013',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '16',
'DOI': '10.1038/s41421-020-0156-0',
'article-title': 'Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is '
'effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro',
'volume': '6',
'author': 'Liu',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Cell Discov'},
{ 'issue': '10223',
'key': '10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129891_bib0014',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '497',
'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5',
'article-title': 'Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in',
'volume': '395',
'author': 'Huang',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'The lancet'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129891_bib0015',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'unstructured': 'Gao J., Tian Z., Yangbreakthrough X., Chloroquine Phosphate has shown '
'apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in '
'clinical studies, Biosci Trends 14 (1) (2020) 72–73, '
'doi:10.5582/bst.2020.01047. Epub 2020 Feb 19. PMID: 32074550.',
'DOI': '10.5582/bst.2020.01047'},
{ 'issue': '3',
'key': '10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129891_bib0016',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '269',
'DOI': '10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0',
'article-title': 'Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged '
'novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro',
'volume': '30',
'author': 'Wang',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Cell Res.'},
{ 'issue': '9',
'key': '10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129891_bib0017',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '2845',
'DOI': '10.1021/jm0601856',
'article-title': 'Design and synthesis of hydroxyferroquine derivatives with antimalarial '
'and antiviral activities',
'volume': '49',
'author': 'Biot',
'year': '2006',
'journal-title': 'J. Med. Chem.'},
{ 'issue': '6',
'key': '10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129891_bib0018',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '1386',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.01.058',
'article-title': 'Recommendations on screening for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine '
'retinopathy (2016 revision)',
'volume': '123',
'author': 'Marmor',
'year': '2016',
'journal-title': 'Ophthalmology'},
{ 'issue': '13',
'key': '10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129891_bib0019',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '1605',
'DOI': '10.1002/jcc.20084',
'article-title': 'UCSF Chimera—A visualization system for exploratory research and '
'analysis',
'volume': '25',
'author': 'Pettersen',
'year': '2004',
'journal-title': 'J Comput Chem'},
{ 'issue': '2',
'key': '10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129891_bib0020',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '455',
'DOI': '10.1002/jcc.21334',
'article-title': 'AutoDock Vina: improving the speed and accuracy of docking with a new '
'scoring function, efficient optimization, and multithreading',
'volume': '31',
'author': 'Trott',
'year': '2010',
'journal-title': 'J Comput Chem'},
{ 'issue': '1–3',
'key': '10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129891_bib0021',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '43',
'DOI': '10.1016/0010-4655(95)00042-E',
'article-title': 'GROMACS: a message-passing parallel molecular dynamics implementation',
'volume': '91',
'author': 'Berendsen',
'year': '1995',
'journal-title': 'Comput Phys Commun'},
{ 'issue': '2',
'key': '10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129891_bib0022',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '547',
'DOI': '10.1021/jp410344g',
'article-title': 'CHARMM36 united atom chain model for lipids and surfactants',
'volume': '118',
'author': 'Lee',
'year': '2014',
'journal-title': 'The journal of physical chemistry B'},
{ 'issue': '15',
'key': '10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129891_bib0023',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '3692',
'DOI': '10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b01316',
'article-title': 'CHARMM TIP3P water model suppresses peptide folding by solvating the '
'unfolded state',
'volume': '120',
'author': 'Boonstra',
'year': '2016',
'journal-title': 'The journal of physical chemistry B'},
{ 'issue': '9',
'key': '10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129891_bib0024',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '2031',
'DOI': '10.1002/jcc.21773',
'article-title': 'Optimization of parameters for molecular dynamics simulation using '
'smooth particle-mesh Ewald in GROMACS 4.5',
'volume': '32',
'author': 'Abraham',
'year': '2011',
'journal-title': 'J Comput Chem'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129891_bib0025',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128595',
'article-title': 'Inhibitory activity of hydroxychloroquine on COVID-19 main protease: an '
'insight from MD-simulation studies',
'author': 'Baildya',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'J Mol Struct'},
{ 'issue': '12',
'key': '10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129891_bib0026',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '322',
'DOI': '10.3390/v8120322',
'article-title': 'Chloroquine, an endocytosis blocking agent, inhibits Zika virus '
'infection in different cell models',
'volume': '8',
'author': 'Delvecchio',
'year': '2016',
'journal-title': 'Viruses'},
{ 'issue': '10',
'key': '10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129891_bib0027',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pone.0109180',
'article-title': 'Chloroquine is a zinc ionophore',
'volume': '9',
'author': 'Xue',
'year': '2014',
'journal-title': 'PLoS ONE'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129891_bib0028',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960',
'article-title': 'Structural and molecular modeling studies reveal a new mechanism of '
'action of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine against SARS-CoV-2 '
'infection',
'author': 'Fantini',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents'},
{ 'issue': '11',
'key': '10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129891_bib0029',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'DOI': '10.1371/journal.ppat.1001176',
'article-title': 'Zn2+ inhibits coronavirus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity in '
'vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in '
'cell culture',
'volume': '6',
'author': 'Te Velthuis',
'year': '2010',
'journal-title': 'PLoS Pathog.'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129891_bib0030',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.jmii.2020.04.015',
'article-title': 'ACE2 receptor polymorphism: susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2, hypertension, '
'multi-organ failure, and COVID-19 disease outcome',
'author': 'Devaux',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection'},
{ 'issue': '11',
'key': '10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129891_bib0031',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '722',
'DOI': '10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00806-5',
'article-title': "Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: an old drug against today's "
'diseases',
'volume': '3',
'author': 'Savarino',
'year': '2003',
'journal-title': 'The Lancet infectious diseases'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129891_bib0032',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.clim.2020.108448',
'article-title': 'COVID-19: immunology and treatment options',
'author': 'Felsenstein',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Clinical Immunology'}],
'container-title': 'Journal of Molecular Structure',
'original-title': [],
'language': 'en',
'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0022286021000223?httpAccept=text/xml',
'content-type': 'text/xml',
'content-version': 'vor',
'intended-application': 'text-mining'},
{ 'URL': 'https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0022286021000223?httpAccept=text/plain',
'content-type': 'text/plain',
'content-version': 'vor',
'intended-application': 'text-mining'}],
'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 10, 17]],
'date-time': '2023-10-17T07:02:52Z',
'timestamp': 1697526172000},
'score': 1,
'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022286021000223'}},
'subtitle': [],
'short-title': [],
'issued': {'date-parts': [[2021, 4]]},
'references-count': 32,
'alternative-id': ['S0022286021000223'],
'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129891',
'relation': {},
'ISSN': ['0022-2860'],
'subject': [],
'container-title-short': 'Journal of Molecular Structure',
'published': {'date-parts': [[2021, 4]]},
'assertion': [ {'value': 'Elsevier', 'name': 'publisher', 'label': 'This article is maintained by'},
{ 'value': 'Inhibitory capacity of chloroquine against SARS-COV-2 by effective binding with '
'angiotensin converting enzyme-2 receptor: An insight from molecular docking and '
'MD-simulation studies',
'name': 'articletitle',
'label': 'Article Title'},
{ 'value': 'Journal of Molecular Structure',
'name': 'journaltitle',
'label': 'Journal Title'},
{ 'value': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129891',
'name': 'articlelink',
'label': 'CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version'},
{'value': 'article', 'name': 'content_type', 'label': 'Content Type'},
{ 'value': '© 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.',
'name': 'copyright',
'label': 'Copyright'}],
'article-number': '129891'}