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A study on the effect of natural products against the transmission of B.1.1.529 Omicron

Alkafaas et al., Virology Journal, doi:10.1186/s12985-023-02160-6
Aug 2023  
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HCQ for COVID-19
1st treatment shown to reduce risk in March 2020, now with p < 0.00000000001 from 419 studies, recognized in 46 countries.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments.
5,100+ studies for 109 treatments. c19hcq.org
Review of natural products for SARS-CoV-2 omicron including an In Silico study showing quercetin, curcumin, ascorbic acid, nigellidine, and chloroquine among many compounds docked to the ACE2 metallopeptidase domain. Quercetin, curcumin, and ascorbic acid bound ACE2 with energy scores of -16.51, -13.5, and -12.55 kcal/mol. Nigellidine and chloroquine bound with lower affinity (-11.73 and -10.33 kcal/mol). The results suggest these compounds may have potential to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection by binding the ACE2 receptor.
38 preclinical studies support the efficacy of HCQ for COVID-19:
Study covers quercetin, curcumin, nigella sativa, vitamin C, and HCQ.
Alkafaas et al., 25 Aug 2023, peer-reviewed, 12 authors. Contact: samar.alkafas@science.tanta.edu.eg, samarsamy2017@yahoo.com, ghoshs@ufs.ac.za, soumyaghosh@yahoo.com, h.onyeaka@bham.ac.uk.
In Silico studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.
This PaperHCQAll
A study on the effect of natural products against the transmission of B.1.1.529 Omicron
Samar Sami Alkafaas, Abanoub Mosaad Abdallah, Aya Misbah Hussien, Heba Bedair, Mahmoud Abdo, Soumya Ghosh, Sara Samy Elkafas, Wilgince Apollon, Morteza Saki, Samah A Loutfy, Helen Onyeaka, Mohamed Hessien
Virology Journal, doi:10.1186/s12985-023-02160-6
Background The recent outbreak of the Coronavirus pandemic resulted in a successful vaccination program launched by the World Health Organization. However, a large population is still unvaccinated, leading to the emergence of mutated strains like alpha, beta, delta, and B.1.1.529 (Omicron). Recent reports from the World Health Organization raised concerns about the Omicron variant, which emerged in South Africa during a surge in COVID-19 cases in November 2021. Vaccines are not proven completely effective or safe against Omicron, leading to clinical trials for combating infection by the mutated virus. The absence of suitable pharmaceuticals has led scientists and clinicians to search for alternative and supplementary therapies, including dietary patterns, to reduce the effect of mutated strains. Main body This review analyzed Coronavirus aetiology, epidemiology, and natural products for combating Omicron. Although the literature search did not include keywords related to in silico or computational research, in silico investigations were emphasized in this study. Molecular docking was implemented to compare the interaction between natural products and Chloroquine with the ACE2 receptor protein amino acid residues of Omicron. The global Omicron infection proceeding SARS-CoV-2 vaccination was also elucidated. The docking results suggest that DGCG may bind to the ACE2 receptor three times more effectively than standard chloroquine. Conclusion The emergence of the Omicron variant has highlighted the need for alternative therapies to reduce the impact of mutated strains. The current review suggests that natural products such as DGCG may be effective in binding to the ACE2 receptor and combating the Omicron variant, however, further research is required to validate the results of this study and explore the potential of natural products to mitigate COVID-19. Highlights • There are 32 mutations in the spike of the Omicron variant. • Non-SARS-COV-2 vaccinated individuals accelerate transmission of Omicron variant.
Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable. Consent for publication All the authors read and agreed to publish this article. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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However, a large ' 'population is still unvaccinated, leading to the emergence of mutated strains like alpha, ' 'beta, delta, and B.1.1.529 (Omicron). Recent reports from the World Health Organization ' 'raised concerns about the Omicron variant, which emerged in South Africa during a surge in ' 'COVID-19 cases in November 2021. Vaccines are not proven completely effective or safe against ' 'Omicron, leading to clinical trials for combating infection by the mutated virus. The absence ' 'of suitable pharmaceuticals has led scientists and clinicians to search for alternative and ' 'supplementary therapies, including dietary patterns, to reduce the effect of mutated ' 'strains.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Main body</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>This review analyzed Coronavirus aetiology, epidemiology, and natural ' 'products for combating Omicron. Although the literature search did not include keywords ' 'related to in silico or computational research, in silico investigations were emphasized in ' 'this study. Molecular docking was implemented to compare the interaction between natural ' 'products and Chloroquine with the ACE2 receptor protein amino acid residues of Omicron. The ' 'global Omicron infection proceeding SARS-CoV-2 vaccination was also elucidated. The docking ' 'results suggest that DGCG may bind to the ACE2 receptor three times more effectively than ' 'standard chloroquine.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>The emergence of the Omicron variant has highlighted the need for ' 'alternative therapies to reduce the impact of mutated strains. The current review suggests ' 'that natural products such as DGCG may be effective in binding to the ACE2 receptor and ' 'combating the Omicron variant, however, further research is required to validate the results ' 'of this study and explore the potential of natural products to mitigate COVID-19.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Graphical abstract</jats:title>\n' ' \n' ' </jats:sec>', 'DOI': '10.1186/s12985-023-02160-6', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2023, 8, 25]], 'date-time': '2023-08-25T06:02:14Z', 'timestamp': 1692943334000}, 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 3, 'title': 'A study on the effect of natural products against the transmission of B.1.1.529 Omicron', 'prefix': '10.1186', 'volume': '20', 'author': [ {'given': 'Samar Sami', 'family': 'Alkafaas', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Abanoub Mosaad', 'family': 'Abdallah', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Aya Misbah', 'family': 'Hussien', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Heba', 'family': 'Bedair', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Mahmoud', 'family': 'Abdo', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Soumya', 'family': 'Ghosh', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Sara Samy', 'family': 'Elkafas', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Wilgince', 'family': 'Apollon', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Morteza', 'family': 'Saki', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Samah A.', 'family': 'Loutfy', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Helen', 'family': 'Onyeaka', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Mohamed', 'family': 'Hessien', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '297', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2023, 8, 25]]}, 'reference': [ { 'key': '2160_CR1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1', 'DOI': '10.12998/wjcc.v10.i1.1', 'volume': '10', 'author': 'S-Y Ren', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Ren S-Y, Wang W-B, Gao R-D, Zhou A-M. 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' '2006;33:612–6.', 'journal-title': 'Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol'}, { 'key': '2160_CR180', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '35', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.02.027', 'volume': '40', 'author': 'Z Shang', 'year': '2012', 'unstructured': 'Shang Z, Hou Y, Long R. Chemical composition of essential oil of ' 'Artemisia nanschanica Krasch. from Tibetan plateau. Ind Crops Prod. ' '2012;40:35–8.', 'journal-title': 'Ind Crops Prod'}, { 'key': '2160_CR181', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '61', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.001', 'volume': '168', 'author': 'R Shirole', 'year': '2015', 'unstructured': 'Shirole R, Shirole N, Saraf M. In vitro relaxant and spasmolytic effects ' 'of essential oil of Pistacia integerrima Stewart ex Brandis Galls. J ' 'Ethnopharmacol. 2015;168:61–5.', 'journal-title': 'J Ethnopharmacol'}, { 'key': '2160_CR182', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '153336', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153336', 'volume': '79', 'author': 'S Zheng', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Zheng S, Baak JP, Li S, Xiao W, Ren H, Yang H, Gan Y, Wen C. Network ' 'pharmacology analysis of the therapeutic mechanisms of the traditional ' 'Chinese herbal formula Lian Hua Qing Wen in Corona virus disease 2019 ' '(COVID-19), gives fundamental support to the clinical use of LHQW. ' 'Phytomedicine. 2020;79:153336.', 'journal-title': 'Phytomedicine'}, { 'key': '2160_CR183', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '153242', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153242', 'volume': '85', 'author': 'K Hu', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Hu K, Guan W-j, Bi Y, Zhang W, Li L, Zhang B, Liu Q, Song Y, Li X, Duan ' 'Z. Efficacy and safety of Lianhuaqingwen capsules, a repurposed Chinese ' 'herb, in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: a multicenter, ' 'prospective, randomized controlled trial. Phytomedicine. 2021;85:153242.', 'journal-title': 'Phytomedicine'}, { 'key': '2160_CR184', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '110316', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110316', 'volume': '128', 'author': 'Q Kong', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Kong Q, Wu Y, Gu Y, Lv Q, Qi F, Gong S, Chen X. Analysis of the ' 'molecular mechanism of Pudilan (PDL) treatment for COVID-19 by network ' 'pharmacology tools. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020;128:110316.', 'journal-title': 'Biomed Pharmacother'}, { 'key': '2160_CR185', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '869', 'DOI': '10.2147/JIR.S298242', 'volume': '14', 'author': 'A Balkrishna', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Balkrishna A, Haldar S, Singh H, Roy P, Varshney A. Coronil, a ' 'tri-herbal formulation, attenuates spike-protein-mediated SARS-CoV-2 ' 'viral entry into human alveolar epithelial cells and pro-inflammatory ' 'cytokines production by inhibiting spike protein-ACE-2 interaction. J ' 'Inflamm Res. 2021;14:869.', 'journal-title': 'J Inflamm Res'}, { 'key': '2160_CR186', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '899', 'DOI': '10.2147/PPA.S302957', 'volume': '15', 'author': 'A Balkrishna', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Balkrishna A, Raj P, Singh P, Varshney A. Influence of patient-reported ' 'treatment satisfaction on psychological health and quality of life Among ' 'patients receiving Divya-Swasari-Coronil-Kit against COVID-19: findings ' 'from a cross-sectional “SATISFACTION COVID” survey. Patient Prefer ' 'Adherence. 2021;15:899.', 'journal-title': 'Patient Prefer Adherence'}, { 'key': '2160_CR187', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '5091', 'DOI': '10.3390/molecules25215091', 'volume': '25', 'author': 'A Balkrishna', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Balkrishna A, Solleti SK, Verma S, Varshney A. Application of humanized ' 'zebrafish model in the suppression of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induced ' 'pathology by tri-herbal medicine coronil via cytokine modulation. ' 'Molecules. 2020;25:5091.', 'journal-title': 'Molecules'}, { 'key': '2160_CR188', 'first-page': '434', 'volume': '13', 'author': 'A-R Ahmadi', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Ahmadi A-R, Ayazi-Nasrabadi R. Astaxanthin protective barrier and its ' 'ability to improve the health in patients with COVID-19. Iran J ' 'Microbiol. 2021;13:434.', 'journal-title': 'Iran J Microbiol'}, { 'key': '2160_CR189', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '128', 'DOI': '10.3390/md12010128', 'volume': '12', 'author': 'RR Ambati', 'year': '2014', 'unstructured': 'Ambati RR, Phang S-M, Ravi S, Aswathanarayana RG. Astaxanthin: sources, ' 'extraction, stability, biological activities and its commercial ' 'applications—a review. Mar Drugs. 2014;12:128–52.', 'journal-title': 'Mar Drugs'}, { 'key': '2160_CR190', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1837', 'DOI': '10.1021/bi7016427', 'volume': '47', 'author': 'TP Korman', 'year': '2008', 'unstructured': 'Korman TP, Tan Y-H, Wong J, Luo R, Tsai S-C. Inhibition kinetics and ' 'emodin cocrystal structure of a type II polyketide ketoreductase. ' 'Biochemistry. 2008;47:1837–47.', 'journal-title': 'Biochemistry'}, { 'key': '2160_CR191', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2115', 'DOI': '10.1007/s40520-020-01669-y', 'volume': '32', 'author': 'S Fiorino', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Fiorino S, Gallo C, Zippi M, Sabbatani S, Manfredi R, Moretti R, Fogacci ' 'E, Maggioli C, Travasoni Loffredo F, Giampieri E. Cytokine storm in aged ' 'people with CoV-2: possible role of vitamins as therapy or preventive ' 'strategy. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2020;32:2115–31.', 'journal-title': 'Aging Clin Exp Res'}, { 'key': '2160_CR192', 'unstructured': 'Souza ACR, Vasconcelos AR, Prado PS, Pereira CPM. Zinc, vitamin D and ' 'vitamin C: perspectives for COVID-19 with a focus on physical tissue ' 'barrier integrity. Front Nutr 2020;295.'}, { 'key': '2160_CR193', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '5', 'DOI': '10.3390/antiox11010005', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'JM Toledano', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Toledano JM, Moreno-Fernandez J, Puche-Juarez M, Ochoa JJ, Diaz-Castro ' 'J. Implications of Vitamins in COVID-19 prevention and treatment through ' 'immunomodulatory and anti-oxidative mechanisms. Antioxidants. 2021;11:5.', 'journal-title': 'Antioxidants'}, { 'key': '2160_CR194', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1267', 'DOI': '10.3390/cells9051267', 'volume': '9', 'author': 'M Romano', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Romano M, Ruggiero A, Squeglia F, Maga G, Berisio R. A structural view ' 'of SARS-CoV-2 RNA replication machinery: RNA synthesis, proofreading and ' 'final capping. Cells. 2020;9:1267.', 'journal-title': 'Cells'}, { 'key': '2160_CR195', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Adem S, Eyupoglu V, Sarfraz I, Rasul A, Ali M. Identification of potent ' 'COVID-19 main protease (Mpro) inhibitors from natural polyphenols: an in ' 'silico strategy unveils a hope against CORONA. 2020.', 'DOI': '10.20944/preprints202003.0333.v1'}, { 'key': '2160_CR196', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '217', 'DOI': '10.1002/ddr.21743', 'volume': '82', 'author': 'MA Abosheasha', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Abosheasha MA, El-Gowily AH. Superiority of cilostazol among ' 'antiplatelet FDA-approved drugs against COVID 19 Mpro and spike protein: ' 'drug repurposing approach. Drug Dev Res. 2021;82:217–29.', 'journal-title': 'Drug Dev Res'}, { 'key': '2160_CR197', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '369', 'DOI': '10.5115/acb.19.119', 'volume': '52', 'author': 'J Kim', 'year': '2019', 'unstructured': 'Kim J, Wie M-B, Ahn M, Tanaka A, Matsuda H, Shin T. Benefits of ' 'hesperidin in central nervous system disorders: a review. Anat Cell ' 'Biol. 2019;52:369–77.', 'journal-title': 'Anat Cell Biol'}, { 'key': '2160_CR198', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '134619', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134619', 'volume': '715', 'author': 'S-D Heo', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Heo S-D, Kim J, Choi Y, Ekanayake P, Ahn M, Shin T. Hesperidin improves ' 'motor disability in rat spinal cord injury through anti-inflammatory and ' 'antioxidant mechanism via Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway. Neurosci Lett. ' '2020;715:134619.', 'journal-title': 'Neurosci Lett'}, { 'key': '2160_CR199', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '106720', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106720', 'volume': '86', 'author': 'R Atabaki', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Atabaki R, Roohbakhsh A, Moghimi A, Mehri S. Protective effects of ' 'maternal administration of curcumin and hesperidin in the rat offspring ' 'following repeated febrile seizure: role of inflammation and TLR4. Int ' 'Immunopharmacol. 2020;86:106720.', 'journal-title': 'Int Immunopharmacol'}, { 'key': '2160_CR200', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '587', 'DOI': '10.1017/S0007114512005454', 'volume': '110', 'author': 'A Chanet', 'year': '2013', 'unstructured': 'Chanet A, Milenkovic D, Claude S, Maier JA, Khan MK, Rakotomanomana N, ' 'Shinkaruk S, Bérard AM, Bennetau-Pelissero C, Mazur A. Flavanone ' 'metabolites decrease monocyte adhesion to TNF-α-activated endothelial ' 'cells by modulating expression of atherosclerosis-related genes. Br J ' 'Nutr. 2013;110:587–98.', 'journal-title': 'Br J Nutr'}, { 'key': '2160_CR201', 'first-page': '327', 'volume': '34', 'author': 'P Conti', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Conti P, Ronconi G, Caraffa A, Gallenga C, Ross R, Frydas I, Kritas S. ' 'Induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 and IL-6) and lung ' 'inflammation by Coronavirus-19 (COVI-19 or SARS-CoV-2): ' 'anti-inflammatory strategies. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. ' '2020;34:327–31.', 'journal-title': 'J Biol Regul Homeost Agents'}, { 'key': '2160_CR202', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '648', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu11030648', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'T Muhammad', 'year': '2019', 'unstructured': 'Muhammad T, Ikram M, Ullah R, Rehman SU, Kim MO. Hesperetin, a citrus ' 'flavonoid, attenuates LPS-induced neuroinflammation, apoptosis and ' 'memory impairments by modulating TLR4/NF-κB signaling. Nutrients. ' '2019;11:648.', 'journal-title': 'Nutrients'}, { 'key': '2160_CR203', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '24', 'DOI': '10.4081/cp.2020.1271', 'volume': '10', 'author': 'A Cavezzi', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Cavezzi A, Troiani E, Corrao S. COVID-19: hemoglobin, iron, and hypoxia ' 'beyond inflammation. A narrative review. Clin Pract. 2020;10:24–30.', 'journal-title': 'Clin Pract'}, { 'key': '2160_CR204', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '540', 'DOI': '10.3390/antiox9060540', 'volume': '9', 'author': 'FA Wagener', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Wagener FA, Pickkers P, Peterson SJ, Immenschuh S, Abraham NG. Targeting ' 'the heme-heme oxygenase system to prevent severe complications following ' 'COVID-19 infections. Antioxidants. 2020;9:540.', 'journal-title': 'Antioxidants'}, { 'key': '2160_CR205', 'first-page': 'e00127', 'volume': '94', 'author': 'Y Wan', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Wan Y, Shang J, Graham R, Baric RS, Li F. Receptor recognition by the ' 'novel coronavirus from Wuhan: an analysis based on decade-long ' 'structural studies of SARS coronavirus. J Virol. 2020;94:e00127-e1120.', 'journal-title': 'J Virol'}, { 'key': '2160_CR206', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1444', 'DOI': '10.1126/science.abb2762', 'volume': '367', 'author': 'R Yan', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Yan R, Zhang Y, Li Y, Xia L, Guo Y, Zhou Q. Structural basis for the ' 'recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2. Science. ' '2020;367:1444–8.', 'journal-title': 'Science'}, { 'key': '2160_CR207', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '473', 'DOI': '10.1126/science.abb8925', 'volume': '368', 'author': 'JB Moore', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Moore JB, June CH. Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19. ' 'Science. 2020;368:473–4.', 'journal-title': 'Science'}, { 'key': '2160_CR208', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '105960', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960', 'volume': '55', 'author': 'J Fantini', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Fantini J, Di Scala C, Chahinian H, Yahi N. Structural and molecular ' 'modelling studies reveal a new mechanism of action of chloroquine and ' 'hydroxychloroquine against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Int J Antimicrob ' 'Agents. 2020;55:105960.', 'journal-title': 'Int J Antimicrob Agents'}, { 'key': '2160_CR209', 'unstructured': 'MOE V: Chemical Computing Group Inc., Montreal, Canada. 2010.'}, { 'key': '2160_CR210', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '136301', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.136301', 'volume': '1292', 'author': 'AM Abdallah', 'year': '2023', 'unstructured': 'Abdallah AM, Gomha SM, Zaki MEA, Abolibda TZ, Kheder NA. A green ' 'synthesis, DFT calculations, and molecular docking study of some new ' 'indeno[2,1-b]quinoxalines containing thiazole moiety. J Mol Struct. ' '2023;1292:136044.', 'journal-title': 'J Mol Struct'}, { 'key': '2160_CR211', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Al-Qaisi ZH, Al-Garawi ZS, Al-Karawi AJM, Hammood AJ, Abdallah AM, Clegg ' 'W, Mohamed GG. Antiureolytic activity of new water-soluble thiadiazole ' 'derivatives: Spectroscopic, DFT, and molecular docking studies. ' 'Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2022;272:120971.', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.saa.2022.120971'}, { 'key': '2160_CR212', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Abubakar MB, Usman D, El-Saber Batiha G, Cruz-Martins N, Malami I, ' 'Ibrahim KG, Abubakar B, Bello MB, Muhammad A, Gan SH, Dabai AI, Alblihed ' 'M, Ghosh A, Badr RH, Thangadurai D, Imam MU. Natural Products Modulating ' 'Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) as Potential COVID-19 Therapies. ' 'Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:629935.', 'DOI': '10.3389/fphar.2021.629935'}, { 'key': '2160_CR213', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '55', 'DOI': '10.1007/s40203-021-00114-w', 'volume': '9', 'author': 'MF Isaac-Lam', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Isaac-Lam MF. Molecular modeling of the interaction of ligands with ' 'ACE2–SARS-CoV-2 spike protein complex. In Silico Pharmacol. 2021;9:55.', 'journal-title': 'In Silico Pharmacol'}, { 'key': '2160_CR214', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Wasilewicz A, Kirchweger B, Bojkova D, Abi Saad MJ, Langeder J, ' 'Bütikofer M, Adelsberger S, Grienke U, Cinatl J Jr, Petermann O, ' 'Scapozza L, Orts J, Kirchmair J, Rabenau HF, Rollinger JM. ' 'Identification of Natural Products Inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 by Targeting ' 'Viral Proteases: A Combined in Silico and in Vitro Approach. J Nat Prod. ' '2023;86(2):264-275.', 'DOI': '10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00843'}, { 'key': '2160_CR215', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '105155', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.105155', 'volume': '141', 'author': 'MBS Al-Shuhaib', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Al-Shuhaib MBS, Hashim HO, Al-Shuhaib JM. Epicatechin is a promising ' 'novel inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 entry by disrupting interactions between ' 'angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2 and the viral receptor binding ' 'domain: a computational/simulation study. Comput Biol Med. ' '2022;141:105155.', 'journal-title': 'Comput Biol Med'}, { 'key': '2160_CR216', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Mohammadi Pour P, Fakhri S, Asgary S, Farzaei MH, Echeverría J. The ' 'signaling pathways, and therapeutic targets of antiviral agents: ' 'focusing on the antiviral approaches and clinical perspectives of ' 'anthocyanins in the management of viral diseases. Front Pharmacol. ' '2019;1207.', 'DOI': '10.3389/fphar.2019.01207'}, { 'key': '2160_CR217', 'first-page': '209', 'volume': '45', 'author': 'Y Knox', 'year': '2001', 'unstructured': 'Knox Y, Hayashi K, Suzutani T, Ogasawara M, Yoshida I, Shiina R, Tsukui ' 'A, Terahara N, Azuma M. Activity of anthocyanins from fruit extract of ' 'Ribes nigrum L. against influenza A and B viruses. Acta virol. ' '2001;45:209–15.', 'journal-title': 'Acta virol'}, { 'key': '2160_CR218', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2066', 'DOI': '10.3390/molecules23082066', 'volume': '23', 'author': 'A Di Sotto', 'year': '2018', 'unstructured': 'Di Sotto A, Di Giacomo S, Amatore D, Locatelli M, Vitalone A, Toniolo C, ' 'Rotino GL, Lo Scalzo R, Palamara AT, Marcocci ME. A polyphenol rich ' 'extract from Solanum melongena L. DR2 peel exhibits antioxidant ' 'properties and anti-herpes simplex virus type 1 activity in vitro. ' 'Molecules. 2018;23:2066.', 'journal-title': 'Molecules'}, { 'key': '2160_CR219', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1314', 'DOI': '10.3389/fmicb.2017.01314', 'volume': '8', 'author': 'Á Vázquez-Calvo', 'year': '2017', 'unstructured': 'Vázquez-Calvo Á, Jiménez De Oya N, Martín-Acebes MA, Garcia-Moruno E, ' 'Saiz J-C. Antiviral properties of the natural polyphenols delphinidin ' 'and epigallocatechin gallate against the flaviviruses West Nile virus, ' 'Zika virus, and dengue virus. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:1314.', 'journal-title': 'Front Microbiol'}, { 'key': '2160_CR220', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '10053', 'DOI': '10.1128/JVI.01473-15', 'volume': '89', 'author': 'N Calland', 'year': '2015', 'unstructured': 'Calland N, Sahuc M-E, Belouzard S, Pène V, Bonnafous P, Mesalam AA, ' 'Deloison G, Descamps V, Sahpaz S, Wychowski C. Polyphenols inhibit ' 'hepatitis C virus entry by a new mechanism of action. J Virol. ' '2015;89:10053–63.', 'journal-title': 'J Virol'}, { 'key': '2160_CR221', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '6563', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00216-013-7068-x', 'volume': '405', 'author': 'K Swaminathan', 'year': '2013', 'unstructured': 'Swaminathan K, Dyason JC, Maggioni A, von Itzstein M, Downard KM. ' 'Binding of a natural anthocyanin inhibitor to influenza neuraminidase by ' 'mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2013;405:6563–72.', 'journal-title': 'Anal Bioanal Chem'}], 'container-title': 'Virology Journal', 'original-title': [], 'language': 'en', 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12985-023-02160-6.pdf', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12985-023-02160-6/fulltext.html', 'content-type': 'text/html', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12985-023-02160-6.pdf', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 11, 18]], 'date-time': '2023-11-18T22:18:41Z', 'timestamp': 1700345921000}, 'score': 1, 'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://virologyj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12985-023-02160-6'}}, 'subtitle': [], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2023, 8, 25]]}, 'references-count': 221, 'journal-issue': {'issue': '1', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2023, 12]]}}, 'alternative-id': ['2160'], 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12985-023-02160-6', 'relation': {}, 'ISSN': ['1743-422X'], 'subject': ['Infectious Diseases', 'Virology'], 'container-title-short': 'Virol J', 'published': {'date-parts': [[2023, 8, 25]]}, 'assertion': [ { 'value': '29 March 2023', 'order': 1, 'name': 'received', 'label': 'Received', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'value': '15 August 2023', 'order': 2, 'name': 'accepted', 'label': 'Accepted', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'value': '25 August 2023', 'order': 3, 'name': 'first_online', 'label': 'First Online', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, {'order': 1, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Declarations'}}, { 'value': 'Not applicable.', 'order': 2, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Ethics approval and consent to participate'}}, { 'value': 'All the authors read and agreed to publish this article.', 'order': 3, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Consent for publication'}}, { 'value': 'The authors declare that they have no competing interests.', 'order': 4, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Competing interests'}}], 'article-number': '191'}
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