Analgesics
Antiandrogens
Antihistamines
Azvudine
Bromhexine
Budesonide
Colchicine
Conv. Plasma
Curcumin
Famotidine
Favipiravir
Fluvoxamine
Hydroxychlor..
Ivermectin
Lifestyle
Melatonin
Metformin
Minerals
Molnupiravir
Monoclonals
Naso/orophar..
Nigella Sativa
Nitazoxanide
PPIs
Paxlovid
Quercetin
Remdesivir
Thermotherapy
Vitamins
More

Other
Feedback
Home
Top
Abstract
All HCQ studies
Meta analysis
 
Feedback
Home
next
study
previous
study
c19hcq.org COVID-19 treatment researchHCQHCQ (more..)
Melatonin Meta
Metformin Meta
Antihistamines Meta
Azvudine Meta Molnupiravir Meta
Bromhexine Meta
Budesonide Meta
Colchicine Meta Nigella Sativa Meta
Conv. Plasma Meta Nitazoxanide Meta
Curcumin Meta PPIs Meta
Famotidine Meta Paxlovid Meta
Favipiravir Meta Quercetin Meta
Fluvoxamine Meta Remdesivir Meta
Hydroxychlor.. Meta Thermotherapy Meta
Ivermectin Meta

All Studies   Meta Analysis    Recent:   

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as ACE2 blockers to inhibit viropexis of 2019-nCoV Spike pseudotyped virus

Wang et al., Phytomedicine, doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333
Sep 2020  
  Post
  Facebook
Share
  Source   PDF   All Studies   Meta AnalysisMeta
HCQ for COVID-19
1st treatment shown to reduce risk in March 2020
 
*, now with p < 0.00000000001 from 411 studies, recognized in 46 countries.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments. * >10% efficacy, ≥3 studies.
4,500+ studies for 81 treatments. c19hcq.org
In Vitro study providing novel insights into the molecular mechanism of CQ/HCQ treatment, showing that CQ and HCQ both inhibit the entrance of 2019-nCoV into cells by blocking the binding of the virus with ACE2.
36 preclinical studies support the efficacy of HCQ for COVID-19:
Wang et al., 2 Sep 2020, peer-reviewed, 34 authors.
In Vitro studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.
This PaperHCQAll
Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as ACE2 blockers to inhibit viropexis of 2019-nCoV Spike pseudotyped virus
Nan Wang, Shengli Han, Rui Liu, Liesu Meng, Huaizhen He, Yongjing Zhang, Cheng Wang, Yanni Lv, Jue Wang, Xiaowei Li, Yuanyuan Ding, Jia Fu, Yajing Hou, Wen Lu, Weina Ma, Yingzhuan Zhan, Bingling Dai, Jie Zhang, Xiaoyan Pan, Shiling Hu, Jiapan Gao, Qianqian Jia, Liyang Zhang, Shuai Ge, Saisai Wang, Peida Liang, Tian Hu, Jiayu Lu, Xiangjun Wang, Huaxin Zhou, Wenjing Ta, Yuejin Wang, Shemin Lu, Langchong He
Phytomedicine, doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333
Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre -including this research content -immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.
Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare no competing financial interest.
References
Al-Bari, Targeting endosomal acidification by chloroquine analogs as a promising strategy for the treatment of emerging viral diseases, Pharmacol. Res. Perspe
Brufsky, Hyperglycemia, hydroxychloroquine, and the COVID-19 pandemic, J. Med. Virol
Dai, None, Methodology
Delvecchio, Higa, Pezzuto, Valadao, Garcez et al., Chloroquine, an endocytosis blocking agent, inhibits zika virus infection in different cell models, Viruses
Fantini, Di Scala, Chahinian, Yahi, Structural and molecular modelling studies reveal a new mechanism of action of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine against SARS-CoV-2 infection, Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents
Ferner, Aronson, Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in covid-19, BMJ
Fu, None, Investigation
Gao, None, Investigation
Gao, Tian, Yang, Breakthrough: chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies, Biosci. Trends
Gasquet, Delmont, Le Bras, Delmas, Capdegelle et al., Chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria in Mauritania, Lancet
Gautret, Lagier, Parola, Hoang, Meddeb et al., Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial, Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents
Ge, None, Investigation
Geleris, Sun, Platt, Zucker, Baldwin et al., Observational study of hydroxychloroquine in hospitalized patients with Covid-19, N. Engl. J. Med
Gutman, Kovacs, Dorsey, Stergachis, Ter Kuile, Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of repeated doses of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for prevention and treatment of malaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Lancet Infect. Dis
Hoffmann, Kleine-Weber, Schroeder, Kruger, Herrler et al., SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor, Cell
Hou, None, Investigation
Hu, None, Investigation
Hu, None, Investigation
Jia, None, Investigation
Keyaerts, Vijgen, Maes, Neyts, Van Ranst, In vitro inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus by chloroquine, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun
Klimke, Hefner, Will, Voss, Hydroxychloroquine as an aerosol might markedly reduce and even prevent severe clinical symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection, Med. Hypotheses
Lei, Qian, Li, Zhang, Fu et al., Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped virus by recombinant ACE2-Ig, Nat. Commun
Li, Investigation, Validation; Yuanyuan Ding: Investigation
Liang, None, Investigation
Lu ; Hassani, Brikci, Ghalem, Resources, Supervision, Data Curation, Formal analysis, Writing -Review & Editing; Langchong He: Resources, Supervision, Conceptualization, Funding acquisition References Abdelli, J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn
Lu, None, Investigation
Lu, None, Investigation
Lv, Investigation, Validation; Jue Wang: Investigation, Visualization
Ma, Methodology
Mauthe, Orhon, Rocchi, Zhou, Luhr et al., Chloroquine inhibits autophagic flux by decreasing autophagosome-lysosome fusion, Autophagy
Meo, Klonoff, Akram, Efficacy of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19, Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci
Mercuro, Yen, Shim, Maher, Mccoy et al., Risk of QT interval prolongation associated with use of hydroxychloroquine with or without concomitant azithromycin among hospitalized patients testing positive for coronavirus disease, JAMA Cardiol
Mingxing, Man, Fei, Pengfei, Jiabi et al., Preliminary evidence from a multicenter prospective observational study of the safety and efficacy of chloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19, Natl. Sci. Rev
Molina, Delaugerre, Le Goff, Mela-Lima, Ponscarme et al., No evidence of rapid antiviral clearance or clinical benefit with the combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in patients with severe COVID-19 infection, Med. Mal. Infect
Nie, Li, Wu, Zhao, Hao et al., Establishment and validation of a pseudovirus neutralization assay for SARS-CoV-2, Emerg. Microbes Infec
Ou, Liu, Lei, Li, Mi et al., Characterization of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 on virus entry and its immune cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV, Nat. Commun
Pan, Methodology
Plantone, Koudriavtseva, Current and future use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in infectious, immune, neoplastic, and neurological diseases: a mini-review, Clin. Drug. Investig
Rainsford, Parke, Clifford-Rashotte, Kean, Therapy and pharmacological properties of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine in treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and related diseases, Inflammopharmacology
Savarino, Di Trani, Donatelli, Cauda, Cassone, New insights into the antiviral effects of chloroquine, Lancet Infect. Dis
Savarino, Use of chloroquine in viral diseases, Lancet Infect. Dis
Schrezenmeier, Dorner, Mechanisms of action of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine: implications for rheumatology, Nat. Rev. Rheumatol
Shang, Wan, Luo, Ye, Geng et al., Cell entry mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2, P. Natl. Acad. Sci
Ta, None, Investigation
Vincent, Bergeron, Benjannet, Erickson, Rollin et al., Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread, Virol. J
Wang, Cao, Zhang, Yang, Liu et al., Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro, Cell Res
Wang, Horby, Hayden, Gao, A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern, Lancet
Wang, None, Investigation
Wang, None, Investigation
Wang, None, Investigation
Wang, Visualization, Software
White, Cardiotoxicity of antimalarial drugs, Lancet Infect. Dis
White, Pukrittayakamee, Hien, Faiz, Mokuolu et al., None, Malaria. Lancet
White, The treatment of malaria, N. Engl. J. Med
Wrapp, Wang, Corbett, Goldsmith, Hsieh et al., Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation, Science
Wu, Wang, Shen, Peng, Li et al., A noncompeting pair of human neutralizing antibodies block COVID-19 virus binding to its receptor ACE2, Science
Xiao, Sakagami, Miwa, ACE2: the key molecule for understanding the pathophysiology of severe and critical conditions of COVID-19: demon or angel?, Viruses
Yan, Zhang, Li, Xia, Guo et al., Structural basis for the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2, Science
Zhan, Data Curation
Zhang, None, Investigation
Zhang, None, Methodology
Zheng, Ma, Zhang, Xie, COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system, Nat. Rev. Cardiol
Zhou, None, Investigation
Zou, Chen, Zou, Han, Hao et al., Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection, Front. Med
{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2024, 4, 26]], 'date-time': '2024-04-26T21:08:25Z', 'timestamp': 1714165705608}, 'reference-count': 40, 'publisher': 'Elsevier BV', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2020, 12, 1]], 'date-time': '2020-12-01T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1606780800000}, 'content-version': 'tdm', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/'}], 'funder': [ { 'DOI': '10.13039/501100001809', 'name': 'National Natural Science Foundation of China', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'award': ['81930096']}, { 'DOI': '10.13039/501100012429', 'name': 'Central Universities', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'award': ['xzy032020042']}], 'content-domain': {'domain': ['elsevier.com', 'sciencedirect.com'], 'crossmark-restriction': True}, 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2020, 12]]}, 'DOI': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2020, 9, 2]], 'date-time': '2020-09-02T16:28:21Z', 'timestamp': 1599064101000}, 'page': '153333', 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/elsevier_cm_policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 43, 'title': 'Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as ACE2 blockers to inhibit viropexis of 2019-nCoV Spike ' 'pseudotyped virus', 'prefix': '10.1016', 'volume': '79', 'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4197-4245', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Nan', 'family': 'Wang', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Shengli', 'family': 'Han', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Rui', 'family': 'Liu', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Liesu', 'family': 'Meng', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Huaizhen', 'family': 'He', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Yongjing', 'family': 'Zhang', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Cheng', 'family': 'Wang', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Yanni', 'family': 'Lv', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Jue', 'family': 'Wang', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Xiaowei', 'family': 'Li', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Yuanyuan', 'family': 'Ding', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Jia', 'family': 'Fu', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Yajing', 'family': 'Hou', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Wen', 'family': 'Lu', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Weina', 'family': 'Ma', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Yingzhuan', 'family': 'Zhan', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Bingling', 'family': 'Dai', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Jie', 'family': 'Zhang', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Xiaoyan', 'family': 'Pan', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Shiling', 'family': 'Hu', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Jiapan', 'family': 'Gao', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Qianqian', 'family': 'Jia', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Liyang', 'family': 'Zhang', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Shuai', 'family': 'Ge', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Saisai', 'family': 'Wang', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Peida', 'family': 'Liang', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Tian', 'family': 'Hu', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Jiayu', 'family': 'Lu', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Xiangjun', 'family': 'Wang', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Huaxin', 'family': 'Zhou', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Wenjing', 'family': 'Ta', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Yuejin', 'family': 'Wang', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Shemin', 'family': 'Lu', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0880-7904', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Langchong', 'family': 'He', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '78', 'reference': [ { 'key': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333_bib0001', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1080/07391102.2020.1763199', 'article-title': 'In silico study the inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 ' 'receptor of COVID-19 by ammoides verticillata components harvested from ' 'Western Algeria', 'author': 'Abdelli', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333_bib0002', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1002/prp2.293', 'article-title': 'Targeting endosomal acidification by chloroquine analogs as a promising ' 'strategy for the treatment of emerging viral diseases', 'volume': '5', 'author': 'Al-Bari', 'year': '2017', 'journal-title': 'Pharmacol. Res. Perspe.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333_bib0003', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '770', 'DOI': '10.1002/jmv.25887', 'article-title': 'Hyperglycemia, hydroxychloroquine, and the COVID-19 pandemic', 'volume': '92', 'author': 'Brufsky', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'J. Med. Virol.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333_bib0004', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.3390/v8120322', 'article-title': 'Chloroquine, an endocytosis blocking agent, inhibits zika virus ' 'infection in different cell models', 'volume': '8', 'author': 'Delvecchio', 'year': '2016', 'journal-title': 'Viruses'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333_bib0005', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960', 'article-title': 'Structural and molecular modelling studies reveal a new mechanism of ' 'action of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine against SARS-CoV-2 ' 'infection', 'volume': '55', 'author': 'Fantini', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333_bib0006', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'm1432', 'DOI': '10.1136/bmj.m1432', 'article-title': 'Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in covid-19', 'volume': '369', 'author': 'Ferner', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'BMJ'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333_bib0007', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '72', 'DOI': '10.5582/bst.2020.01047', 'article-title': 'Breakthrough: chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in ' 'treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies', 'volume': '14', 'author': 'Gao', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Biosci. Trends'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333_bib0008', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1556', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(95)92083-8', 'article-title': 'Chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria in Mauritania', 'volume': '346', 'author': 'Gasquet', 'year': '1995', 'journal-title': 'Lancet'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333_bib0009', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949', 'article-title': 'Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results ' 'of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial', 'author': 'Gautret', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333_bib0010', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2411', 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMoa2012410', 'article-title': 'Observational study of hydroxychloroquine in hospitalized patients with ' 'Covid-19', 'volume': '382', 'author': 'Geleris', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'N. Engl. J. Med.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333_bib0011', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '184', 'DOI': '10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30378-4', 'article-title': 'Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of repeated doses of ' 'dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for prevention and treatment of malaria: ' 'a systematic review and meta-analysis', 'volume': '17', 'author': 'Gutman', 'year': '2017', 'journal-title': 'Lancet Infect. Dis.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333_bib0012', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '271', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052', 'article-title': 'SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a ' 'clinically proven protease inhibitor', 'volume': '181', 'author': 'Hoffmann', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Cell'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333_bib0013', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '264', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.08.085', 'article-title': 'In vitro inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus by ' 'chloroquine', 'volume': '323', 'author': 'Keyaerts', 'year': '2004', 'journal-title': 'Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333_bib0014', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109783', 'article-title': 'Hydroxychloroquine as an aerosol might markedly reduce and even prevent ' 'severe clinical symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection', 'volume': '142', 'author': 'Klimke', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Med. Hypotheses'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333_bib0015', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2070', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41467-020-16048-4', 'article-title': 'Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped virus by recombinant ' 'ACE2-Ig', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'Lei', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Nat. Commun.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333_bib0016', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1435', 'DOI': '10.1080/15548627.2018.1474314', 'article-title': 'Chloroquine inhibits autophagic flux by decreasing ' 'autophagosome-lysosome fusion', 'volume': '14', 'author': 'Mauthe', 'year': '2018', 'journal-title': 'Autophagy'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333_bib0017', 'first-page': '4539', 'article-title': 'Efficacy of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of ' 'COVID-19', 'volume': '24', 'author': 'Meo', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333_bib0018', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1834', 'article-title': 'Risk of QT interval prolongation associated with use of ' 'hydroxychloroquine with or without concomitant azithromycin among ' 'hospitalized patients testing positive for coronavirus disease 2019 ' '(COVID-19)', 'author': 'Mercuro', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'JAMA Cardiol.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333_bib0019', 'article-title': 'Preliminary evidence from a multicenter prospective observational study ' 'of the safety and efficacy of chloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19', 'author': 'Mingxing', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Natl. Sci. Rev.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333_bib0020', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '384', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.medmal.2020.03.006', 'article-title': 'No evidence of rapid antiviral clearance or clinical benefit with the ' 'combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in patients with ' 'severe COVID-19 infection', 'volume': '50', 'author': 'Molina', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Med. Mal. Infect.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333_bib0021', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '680', 'DOI': '10.1080/22221751.2020.1743767', 'article-title': 'Establishment and validation of a pseudovirus neutralization assay for ' 'SARS-CoV-2', 'volume': '9', 'author': 'Nie', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Emerg. Microbes Infec.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333_bib0022', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41467-020-15562-9', 'article-title': 'Characterization of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 on virus entry and ' 'its immune cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'Ou', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Nat. Commun.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333_bib0023', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '653', 'DOI': '10.1007/s40261-018-0656-y', 'article-title': 'Current and future use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in ' 'infectious, immune, neoplastic, and neurological diseases: a ' 'mini-review', 'volume': '38', 'author': 'Plantone', 'year': '2018', 'journal-title': 'Clin. Drug. Investig.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333_bib0024', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '231', 'DOI': '10.1007/s10787-015-0239-y', 'article-title': 'Therapy and pharmacological properties of hydroxychloroquine and ' 'chloroquine in treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid ' 'arthritis and related diseases', 'volume': '23', 'author': 'Rainsford', 'year': '2015', 'journal-title': 'Inflammopharmacology'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333_bib0025', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '653', 'DOI': '10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70092-5', 'article-title': 'Use of chloroquine in viral diseases', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'Savarino', 'year': '2011', 'journal-title': 'Lancet Infect. Dis.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333_bib0026', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '67', 'DOI': '10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70361-9', 'article-title': 'New insights into the antiviral effects of chloroquine', 'volume': '6', 'author': 'Savarino', 'year': '2006', 'journal-title': 'Lancet Infect. Dis.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333_bib0027', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '155', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41584-020-0372-x', 'article-title': 'Mechanisms of action of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine: ' 'implications for rheumatology', 'volume': '16', 'author': 'Schrezenmeier', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Nat. Rev. Rheumatol.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333_bib0028', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '11727', 'DOI': '10.1073/pnas.2003138117', 'article-title': 'Cell entry mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2', 'volume': '117', 'author': 'Shang', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333_bib0029', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '69', 'DOI': '10.1186/1743-422X-2-69', 'article-title': 'Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and ' 'spread', 'volume': '2', 'author': 'Vincent', 'year': '2005', 'journal-title': 'Virol. J.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333_bib0030', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '470', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9', 'article-title': 'A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern', 'volume': '395', 'author': 'Wang', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Lancet'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333_bib0031', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '269', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0', 'article-title': 'Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged ' 'novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro', 'volume': '30', 'author': 'Wang', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Cell Res.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333_bib0032', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '800', 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJM199609123351107', 'article-title': 'The treatment of malaria', 'volume': '335', 'author': 'White', 'year': '1996', 'journal-title': 'N. Engl. J. Med.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333_bib0033', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '549', 'DOI': '10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70187-1', 'article-title': 'Cardiotoxicity of antimalarial drugs', 'volume': '7', 'author': 'White', 'year': '2007', 'journal-title': 'Lancet Infect. Dis.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333_bib0034', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '723', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60024-0', 'article-title': 'Malaria', 'volume': '383', 'author': 'White', 'year': '2014', 'journal-title': 'Lancet'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333_bib0035', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1260', 'DOI': '10.1126/science.abb2507', 'article-title': 'Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation', 'volume': '367', 'author': 'Wrapp', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Science'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333_bib0036', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1274', 'DOI': '10.1126/science.abc2241', 'article-title': 'A noncompeting pair of human neutralizing antibodies block COVID-19 ' 'virus binding to its receptor ACE2', 'volume': '368', 'author': 'Wu', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Science'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333_bib0037', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.3390/v12050491', 'article-title': 'ACE2: the key molecule for understanding the pathophysiology of severe ' 'and critical conditions of COVID-19: demon or angel?', 'volume': '12', 'author': 'Xiao', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Viruses'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333_bib0038', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1444', 'DOI': '10.1126/science.abb2762', 'article-title': 'Structural basis for the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ' 'ACE2', 'volume': '367', 'author': 'Yan', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Science'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333_bib0039', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '259', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41569-020-0360-5', 'article-title': 'COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system', 'volume': '17', 'author': 'Zheng', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Nat. Rev. Cardiol.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333_bib0040', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '185', 'DOI': '10.1007/s11684-020-0754-0', 'article-title': 'Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression ' 'reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to ' '2019-nCoV infection', 'volume': '14', 'author': 'Zou', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Front. Med.'}], 'container-title': 'Phytomedicine', 'original-title': [], 'language': 'en', 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0944711320301653?httpAccept=text/xml', 'content-type': 'text/xml', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0944711320301653?httpAccept=text/plain', 'content-type': 'text/plain', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2020, 10, 19]], 'date-time': '2020-10-19T06:10:08Z', 'timestamp': 1603087808000}, 'score': 1, 'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0944711320301653'}}, 'subtitle': [], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2020, 12]]}, 'references-count': 40, 'alternative-id': ['S0944711320301653'], 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333', 'relation': { 'has-preprint': [ { 'id-type': 'doi', 'id': '10.1101/2020.06.22.164665', 'asserted-by': 'object'}]}, 'ISSN': ['0944-7113'], 'subject': [], 'container-title-short': 'Phytomedicine', 'published': {'date-parts': [[2020, 12]]}, 'assertion': [ {'value': 'Elsevier', 'name': 'publisher', 'label': 'This article is maintained by'}, { 'value': 'Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as ACE2 blockers to inhibit viropexis of ' '2019-nCoV Spike pseudotyped virus', 'name': 'articletitle', 'label': 'Article Title'}, {'value': 'Phytomedicine', 'name': 'journaltitle', 'label': 'Journal Title'}, { 'value': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333', 'name': 'articlelink', 'label': 'CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version'}, {'value': 'article', 'name': 'content_type', 'label': 'Content Type'}, { 'value': '© 2020 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.', 'name': 'copyright', 'label': 'Copyright'}], 'article-number': '153333'}
Loading..
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.
  or use drag and drop   
Submit