All Studies Meta Analysis Recent:

Antiviral Activity of Chloroquine against Human Coronavirus OC43 Infection in Newborn Mice

Keyaerts et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother, August 2009, 53(8), doi:10.1128/AAC.01509-08

Aug 2009

Post
Facebook

Source PDF All Studies Meta AnalysisMeta

HCQ for COVID-19

1st treatment shown to reduce risk in March 2020

^*, now with p < 0.00000000001 from 411 studies, recognized in 46 countries.

Lower risk for mortality, hospitalization, progression, recovery, cases, and viral clearance.

No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments. ^* >10% efficacy, ≥3 studies.

4,500+ studies for 81 treatments. c19hcq.org

CQ inhibits HCoV-OC43 replication in HRT-18 cells. A lethal HCoV-OC43 infection in newborn C57BL/6 mice can be treated with CQ acquired transplacentally or via maternal milk. The highest survival rate (98.6%) was found when mother mice were treated daily with a concentration of 15 mg of CQ per kg of body weight. Survival rates declined in a dose-dependent manner, with 88% survival when treated with 5 mg/kg CQ and 13% survival when treated with 1 mg/kg CQ. CQ can be highly effective against HCoV-OC43 infection in newborn mice and may be considered as a future drug against HCoVs.

36 preclinical studies support the efficacy of HCQ for COVID-19:

10 In Silico studies1-10

23 In Vitro studies1,11-32

3 In Vivo animal studies15,24,33

Important missing comments or errors? Let us know.

1. González-Paz et al., Biophysical Analysis of Potential Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Cell Recognition and Their Effect on Viral Dynamics in Different Cell Types: A Computational Prediction from In Vitro Experimental Data, ACS Omega, doi:10.1021/acsomega.3c06968.acs.org, doi.org.

2. Alkafaas et al., A study on the effect of natural products against the transmission of B.1.1.529 Omicron, Virology Journal, doi:10.1186/s12985-023-02160-6.biomedcentral.com, doi.org.

3. Nguyen et al., The Potential of Ameliorating COVID-19 and Sequelae From Andrographis paniculata via Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics and Biology Insights, doi:10.1177/11779322221149622.sagepub.com, doi.org.

4. Navya et al., A computational study on hydroxychloroquine binding to target proteins related to SARS-COV-2 infection, Informatics in Medicine Unlocked, doi:10.1016/j.imu.2021.100714.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

5. Yadav et al., Repurposing the Combination Drug of Favipiravir, Hydroxychloroquine and Oseltamivir as a Potential Inhibitor Against SARS-CoV-2: A Computational Study, Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-628277/v1.researchsquare.com, doi.org.

6. Hussein et al., Molecular Docking Identification for the efficacy of Some Zinc Complexes with Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine against Main Protease of COVID-19, Journal of Molecular Structure, doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129979.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

7. Baildya et al., Inhibitory capacity of Chloroquine against SARS-COV-2 by effective binding with Angiotensin converting enzyme-2 receptor: An insight from molecular docking and MD-simulation studies, Journal of Molecular Structure, doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129891.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

8. Noureddine et al., Quantum chemical studies on molecular structure, AIM, ELF, RDG and antiviral activities of hybrid hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19: molecular docking and DFT calculations, Journal of King Saud University - Science, doi:10.1016/j.jksus.2020.101334.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

9. Tarek et al., Pharmacokinetic Basis of the Hydroxychloroquine Response in COVID-19: Implications for Therapy and Prevention, European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, doi:10.1007/s13318-020-00640-6.springer.com, doi.org.

10. Rowland Yeo et al., Impact of Disease on Plasma and Lung Exposure of Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin: Application of PBPK Modeling, Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, doi:10.1002/cpt.1955.wiley.com, doi.org.

11. Hitti et al., Hydroxychloroquine attenuates double-stranded RNA-stimulated hyper-phosphorylation of tristetraprolin/ZFP36 and AU-rich mRNA stabilization, Immunology, doi:10.1111/imm.13835.wiley.com, doi.org.

12. Yan et al., Super-resolution imaging reveals the mechanism of endosomal acidification inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 infection, ChemBioChem, doi:10.1002/cbic.202400404.wiley.com, doi.org.

13. Mohd Abd Razak et al., In Vitro Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Activities of Curcumin and Selected Phenolic Compounds, Natural Product Communications, doi:10.1177/1934578X231188861.sagepub.com, doi.org.

14. Alsmadi et al., The In Vitro, In Vivo, and PBPK Evaluation of a Novel Lung-Targeted Cardiac-Safe Hydroxychloroquine Inhalation Aerogel, AAPS PharmSciTech, doi:10.1208/s12249-023-02627-3.springer.com, doi.org.

15. Wen et al., Cholinergic α7 nAChR signaling suppresses SARS-CoV-2 infection and inflammation in lung epithelial cells, Journal of Molecular Cell Biology, doi:10.1093/jmcb/mjad048.oup.com, doi.org.

16. Kamga Kapchoup et al., In vitro effect of hydroxychloroquine on pluripotent stem cells and their cardiomyocytes derivatives, Frontiers in Pharmacology, doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1128382.frontiersin.org, doi.org.

17. Milan Bonotto et al., Cathepsin inhibitors nitroxoline and its derivatives inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection, Antiviral Research, doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105655.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

18. Miao et al., SIM imaging resolves endocytosis of SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD in living cells, Cell Chemical Biology, doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.02.001.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

19. Yuan et al., Hydroxychloroquine blocks SARS-CoV-2 entry into the endocytic pathway in mammalian cell culture, Communications Biology, doi:10.1038/s42003-022-03841-8.nature.com, doi.org.

20. Faísca et al., Enhanced In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Hydroxychloroquine Ionic Liquids against SARS-CoV-2, Pharmaceutics, doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14040877.mdpi.com, doi.org.

21. Delandre et al., Antiviral Activity of Repurposing Ivermectin against a Panel of 30 Clinical SARS-CoV-2 Strains Belonging to 14 Variants, Pharmaceuticals, doi:10.3390/ph15040445.mdpi.com, doi.org.

22. Purwati et al., An in vitro study of dual drug combinations of anti-viral agents, antibiotics, and/or hydroxychloroquine against the SARS-CoV-2 virus isolated from hospitalized patients in Surabaya, Indonesia, PLOS One, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0252302.plos.org, doi.org.

23. Dang et al., Structural basis of anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of hydroxychloroquine: specific binding to NTD/CTD and disruption of LLPS of N protein, bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.03.16.435741.biorxiv.org, doi.org.

24. Shang et al., Inhibitors of endosomal acidification suppress SARS-CoV-2 replication and relieve viral pneumonia in hACE2 transgenic mice, Virology Journal, doi:10.1186/s12985-021-01515-1.biomedcentral.com, doi.org.

25. Wang et al., Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as ACE2 blockers to inhibit viropexis of 2019-nCoV Spike pseudotyped virus, Phytomedicine, doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153333.nih.gov, doi.org.

26. Sheaff, R., A New Model of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Based on (Hydroxy)Chloroquine Activity, bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.08.02.232892.biorxiv.org, doi.org.

27. Ou et al., Hydroxychloroquine-mediated inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 entry is attenuated by TMPRSS2, PLOS Pathogens, doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1009212.plos.org, doi.org.

28. Andreani et al., In vitro testing of combined hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin on SARS-CoV-2 shows synergistic effect, Microbial Pathogenesis, doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104228.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

29. Clementi et al., Combined Prophylactic and Therapeutic Use Maximizes Hydroxychloroquine Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Effects in vitro, Front. Microbiol., 10 July 2020, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.01704.frontiersin.org, doi.org.

30. Liu et al., Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro, Cell Discovery 6, 16 (2020), doi:10.1038/s41421-020-0156-0.nature.com, doi.org.

31. Yao et al., In Vitro Antiviral Activity and Projection of Optimized Dosing Design of Hydroxychloroquine for the Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Clin. Infect. Dis., 2020 Mar 9, doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa237.oup.com, doi.org.

32. Wang (B) et al., Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro, Cell Res. 30, 269–271, doi:10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0.nature.com, doi.org.

33. Shu-Han Lin et al., Inhalable Chitosan-Based Hydrogel as a Mucosal Adjuvant for Hydroxychloroquine in the Treatment for SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a Hamster Model, Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection, doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2023.08.001.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

Keyaerts et al., 1 Aug 2009, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.

This Paper HCQ All

Antiviral Activity of Chloroquine against Human Coronavirus OC43 Infection in Newborn Mice

Els Keyaerts, Sandra Li, Leen Vijgen, Evelien Rysman, Jannick Verbeeck, Marc Van Ranst, Piet Maes

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, doi:10.1128/aac.01509-08

Until recently, human coronaviruses (HCoVs), such as HCoV strain OC43 (HCoV-OC43), were mainly known to cause 15 to 30% of mild upper respiratory tract infections. In recent years, the identification of new HCoVs, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, revealed that HCoVs can be highly pathogenic and can cause more severe upper and lower respiratory tract infections, including bronchiolitis and pneumonia. To date, no specific antiviral drugs to prevent or treat HCoV infections are available. We demonstrate that chloroquine, a widely used drug with well-known antimalarial effects, inhibits HCoV-OC43 replication in HRT-18 cells, with a 50% effective concentration (؎ standard deviation) of 0.306 ؎ 0.0091 M and a 50% cytotoxic concentration (؎ standard deviation) of 419 ؎ 192.5 M, resulting in a selectivity index of 1,369. Further, we investigated whether chloroquine could prevent HCoV-OC43-induced death in newborn mice. Our results show that a lethal HCoV-OC43 infection in newborn C57BL/6 mice can be treated with chloroquine acquired transplacentally or via maternal milk. The highest survival rate (98.6%) of the pups was found when mother mice were treated daily with a concentration of 15 mg of chloroquine per kg of body weight. Survival rates declined in a dose-dependent manner, with 88% survival when treated with 5 mg/kg chloroquine and 13% survival when treated with 1 mg/kg chloroquine. Our results show that chloroquine can be highly effective against HCoV-OC43 infection in newborn mice and may be considered as a future drug against HCoVs.

References

Akintonwa, Gbajumo, Mabadeje, Placental and milk transfer of chloroquine in humans, Ther. Drug Monit

Akintonwa, Meyer, Yau, Placental transfer of chloroquine in pregnant rabbits, Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol

Arbour, Day, Newcombe, Talbot, Neuroinvasion by human respiratory coronaviruses, J. Virol

Arden, Nissen, Sloots, Mackay, New human coronavirus, HCoV-NL63, associated with severe lower respiratory tract disease in Australia, J. Med. Virol

Augustijns, Jongsma, Verbeke, Transplacental distribution of chloroquine in sheep, Dev. Pharmacol. Ther

Barnard, Day, Bailey, Heiner, Montgomery et al., Evaluation of immunomodulators, interferons and known in vitro SARS-coV inhibitors for inhibition of SARS-coV replication in BALB/c mice, Antivir. Chem. Chemother

Blau, Holmes, Human coronavirus HCoV-229E enters susceptible cells via the endocytic pathway

Boelaert, Yaro, Augustijns, Meda, Schneider et al., Chloroquine accumulates in breast-milk cells: potential impact in the prophylaxis of postnatal mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1, AIDS

Chiu, Chan, Chu, Kwan, Guan et al., Human coronavirus NL63 infection and other coronavirus infections in children hospitalized with acute respiratory disease in Hong Kong, China, Clin. Infect. Dis

Choi, Lee, Kim, Eun, Kim et al., The association of newly identified respiratory viruses with lower respiratory tract infections in Korean children, 2000-2005, Clin. Infect. Dis

Essien, Afamefuna, Chloroquine and its metabolites in human cord blood, neonatal blood, and urine after maternal medication, Clin. Chem

Fouchier, Hartwig, Bestebroer, Niemeyer, Jong et al., A previously undescribed coronavirus associated with respiratory disease in humans, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci

Gorbalenya, Snijder, Spaan, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus phylogeny: toward consensus, J. Virol

Jacomy, Talbot, Susceptibility of murine CNS to OC43 infection, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol

Jacomy, Talbot, Vacuolating encephalitis in mice infected by human coronavirus OC43, Virology

Keyaerts, Vijgen, Maes, Neyts, Van Ranst, In vitro inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus by chloroquine, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun

Kono, Tatsumi, Imai, Saito, Kuriyama et al., Inhibition of human coronavirus 229E infection in human epithelial lung cells (L132) by chloroquine: involvement of p38 MAPK and ERK, Antivir. Res

Kouroumalis, Koskinas, Treatment of chronic active hepatitis B (CAH B) with chloroquine: a preliminary report, Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore

Ksiazek, Erdman, Goldsmith, Zaki, Peret et al., A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome, N. Engl. J. Med

Lai, Holmes, Coronaviridae: the viruses and their replication

Larson, Reed, Tyrrell, Isolation of rhinoviruses and coronaviruses from 38 colds in adults, J. Med. Virol

Lau, Woo, Yip, Tse, Tsoi et al., Coronavirus HKU1 and other coronavirus infections in Hong Kong, J. Clin. Microbiol

Pardridge, Yang, Diagne, Chloroquine inhibits HIV-1 replication in human peripheral blood lymphocytes, Immunol. Lett

Rubin, Bernstein, Zvaifler, Studies on the pharmacology of chloroquine. Recommendations for the treatment of chloroquine retinopathy, Arch. Ophthalmol

Savarino, Boelaert, Cassone, Majori, Cauda, Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: an old drug against today's diseases?, Lancet Infect. Dis

Savarino, Gennero, Sperber, Boelaert, The anti-HIV-1 activity of chloroquine, J. Clin. Virol

Singh, Sidhu, Friedman, Maheshwari, Mechanism of enhancement of the antiviral action of interferon against herpes simplex virus-1 by chloroquine, J. Interferon Cytokine Res

Tsai, Nara, Kung, Oroszlan, Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus infectivity by chloroquine, AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir

Van Der Hoek, Pyrc, Jebbink, Vermeulen-Oost, Berkhout et al., Identification of a new human coronavirus, Nat. Med

Vijgen, Keyaerts, Lemey, Maes, Van Reeth et al., Evolutionary history of the closely related group 2 coronaviruses: porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus, bovine coronavirus, and human coronavirus OC43, J. Virol

Vijgen, Keyaerts, Lemey, Moes, Li et al., Circulation of genetically distinct contemporary human coronavirus OC43 strains, Virology

Vijgen, Keyaerts, Moes, Maes, Duson et al., Development of one-step, real-time, quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR assays for absolute quantitation of human coronaviruses OC43 and 229E, J. Clin. Microbiol

Vijgen, Keyaerts, Moes, Thoelen, Wollants et al., Complete genomic sequence of human coronavirus OC43: molecular clock analysis suggests a relatively recent zoonotic coronavirus transmission event, J. Virol

Vincent, Bergeron, Benjannet, Erickson, Rollin et al., Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread, Virol. J

Woo, Lau, Chu, Chan, Tsoi et al., Characterization and complete genome sequence of a novel coronavirus, coronavirus HKU1, from patients with pneumonia, J. Virol

Woo, Lau, Tsoi, Huang, Poon et al., Clinical and molecular epidemiological features of coronavirus HKU1-associated community-acquired pneumonia, J. Infect. Dis

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2024, 5, 14]], 'date-time': '2024-05-14T12:35:38Z', 'timestamp': 1715690138699}, 'reference-count': 36, 'publisher': 'American Society for Microbiology', 'issue': '8', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2009, 8, 1]], 'date-time': '2009-08-01T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1249084800000}, 'content-version': 'tdm', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://journals.asm.org/non-commercial-tdm-license'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': ['journals.asm.org'], 'crossmark-restriction': True}, 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2009, 8]]}, 'abstract': 'ABSTRACT\n' ' Until recently, human coronaviruses (HCoVs), such as HCoV strain OC43 ' '(HCoV-OC43), were mainly known to cause 15 to 30% of mild upper respiratory tract infections. ' 'In recent years, the identification of new HCoVs, including severe acute respiratory syndrome ' 'coronavirus, revealed that HCoVs can be highly pathogenic and can cause more severe upper and ' 'lower respiratory tract infections, including bronchiolitis and pneumonia. To date, no ' 'specific antiviral drugs to prevent or treat HCoV infections are available. We demonstrate ' 'that chloroquine, a widely used drug with well-known antimalarial effects, inhibits HCoV-OC43 ' 'replication in HRT-18 cells, with a 50% effective concentration (± standard deviation) of ' '0.306 ± 0.0091 μM and a 50% cytotoxic concentration (± standard deviation) of 419 ± 192.5 μM, ' 'resulting in a selectivity index of 1,369. Further, we investigated whether chloroquine could ' 'prevent HCoV-OC43-induced death in newborn mice. Our results show that a lethal HCoV-OC43 ' 'infection in newborn C57BL/6 mice can be treated with chloroquine acquired transplacentally ' 'or via maternal milk. The highest survival rate (98.6%) of the pups was found when mother ' 'mice were treated daily with a concentration of 15 mg of chloroquine per kg of body weight. ' 'Survival rates declined in a dose-dependent manner, with 88% survival when treated with 5 ' 'mg/kg chloroquine and 13% survival when treated with 1 mg/kg chloroquine. Our results show ' 'that chloroquine can be highly effective against HCoV-OC43 infection in newborn mice and may ' 'be considered as a future drug against HCoVs.', 'DOI': '10.1128/aac.01509-08', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2009, 6, 9]], 'date-time': '2009-06-09T01:49:59Z', 'timestamp': 1244512199000}, 'page': '3416-3421', 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/asmj-crossmark-policy-page', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 226, 'title': 'Antiviral Activity of Chloroquine against Human Coronavirus OC43 Infection in Newborn Mice', 'prefix': '10.1128', 'volume': '53', 'author': [ { 'given': 'Els', 'family': 'Keyaerts', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Microbiology and ' 'Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of ' 'Leuven, Leuven, Belgium'}]}, { 'given': 'Sandra', 'family': 'Li', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Microbiology and ' 'Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of ' 'Leuven, Leuven, Belgium'}]}, { 'given': 'Leen', 'family': 'Vijgen', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Microbiology and ' 'Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of ' 'Leuven, Leuven, Belgium'}]}, { 'given': 'Evelien', 'family': 'Rysman', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Microbiology and ' 'Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of ' 'Leuven, Leuven, Belgium'}]}, { 'given': 'Jannick', 'family': 'Verbeeck', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Microbiology and ' 'Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of ' 'Leuven, Leuven, Belgium'}]}, { 'given': 'Marc', 'family': 'Van Ranst', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Microbiology and ' 'Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of ' 'Leuven, Leuven, Belgium'}]}, { 'given': 'Piet', 'family': 'Maes', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Microbiology and ' 'Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of ' 'Leuven, Leuven, Belgium'}]}], 'member': '235', 'reference': [ { 'key': 'e_1_3_2_2_2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '147', 'DOI': '10.1097/00007691-198802000-00004', 'volume': '10', 'year': '1988', 'unstructured': 'Akintonwa, A., S. A. Gbajumo, and A. F. Mabadeje. 1988. Placental and ' 'milk transfer of chloroquine in humans. Ther. Drug Monit.10:147-149.', 'journal-title': 'Ther. Drug Monit.'}, { 'key': 'e_1_3_2_3_2', 'first-page': '443', 'volume': '40', 'year': '1983', 'unstructured': 'Akintonwa, A., M. C. Meyer, and M. K. Yau. 1983. Placental transfer of ' 'chloroquine in pregnant rabbits. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. ' 'Pharmacol.40:443-455.', 'journal-title': 'Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol.'}, { 'key': 'e_1_3_2_4_2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1128/JVI.74.19.8913-8921.2000'}, {'key': 'e_1_3_2_5_2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1002/jmv.20288'}, { 'key': 'e_1_3_2_6_2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '191', 'DOI': '10.1159/000457522', 'volume': '17', 'year': '1991', 'unstructured': 'Augustijns, P., H. W. Jongsma, and N. Verbeke. 1991. Transplacental ' 'distribution of chloroquine in sheep. Dev. Pharmacol. Ther.17:191-199.', 'journal-title': 'Dev. Pharmacol. Ther.'}, {'key': 'e_1_3_2_7_2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1177/095632020601700505'}, { 'key': 'e_1_3_2_8_2', 'first-page': '193', 'year': '2001', 'unstructured': 'Blau, D., and K. V. Holmes. 2001. Human coronavirus HCoV-229E enters ' 'susceptible cells via the endocytic pathway, p. 193-197. In E. Lavi ' '(ed.), The nidoviruses, coronaviruses and arteriviruses. Kluwer, New ' 'York, NY.', 'journal-title': 'The nidoviruses, coronaviruses and arteriviruses'}, { 'key': 'e_1_3_2_9_2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2205', 'DOI': '10.1097/00002030-200111090-00024', 'volume': '15', 'year': '2001', 'unstructured': 'Boelaert, J. R., S. Yaro, P. Augustijns, N. Meda, Y. J. Schneider, D. ' 'Schols, R. Mols, E. A. De Laere, and P. Van de Perre. 2001. Chloroquine ' 'accumulates in breast-milk cells: potential impact in the prophylaxis of ' 'postnatal mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. AIDS15:2205-2207.', 'journal-title': 'AIDS'}, {'key': 'e_1_3_2_10_2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1086/430301'}, {'key': 'e_1_3_2_11_2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1086/506350'}, { 'key': 'e_1_3_2_12_2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1148', 'DOI': '10.1093/clinchem/28.5.1148', 'volume': '28', 'year': '1982', 'unstructured': 'Essien, E. E., and G. C. Afamefuna. 1982. Chloroquine and its ' 'metabolites in human cord blood, neonatal blood, and urine after ' 'maternal medication. Clin. Chem.28:1148-1152.', 'journal-title': 'Clin. Chem.'}, {'key': 'e_1_3_2_13_2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1073/pnas.0400762101'}, { 'key': 'e_1_3_2_14_2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1128/JVI.78.15.7863-7866.2004'}, { 'key': 'e_1_3_2_15_2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '101', 'DOI': '10.1007/978-1-4615-1325-4_16', 'volume': '494', 'year': '2001', 'unstructured': 'Jacomy, H., and P. J. Talbot. 2001. Susceptibility of murine CNS to OC43 ' 'infection. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol.494:101-107.', 'journal-title': 'Adv. Exp. Med. Biol.'}, { 'key': 'e_1_3_2_16_2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '20', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0042-6822(03)00323-4', 'volume': '315', 'year': '2003', 'unstructured': 'Jacomy, H., and P. J. Talbot. 2003. Vacuolating encephalitis in mice ' 'infected by human coronavirus OC43. Virology315:20-33.', 'journal-title': 'Virology'}, {'key': 'e_1_3_2_17_2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.08.085'}, { 'key': 'e_1_3_2_18_2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '150', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.antiviral.2007.10.011', 'volume': '77', 'year': '2008', 'unstructured': 'Kono, M., K. Tatsumi, A. M. Imai, K. Saito, T. Kuriyama, and H. ' 'Shirasawa. 2008. Inhibition of human coronavirus 229E infection in human ' 'epithelial lung cells (L132) by chloroquine: involvement of p38 MAPK and ' 'ERK. Antivir. Res.77:150-152.', 'journal-title': 'Antivir. Res.'}, { 'key': 'e_1_3_2_19_2', 'first-page': '149', 'volume': '15', 'year': '1986', 'unstructured': 'Kouroumalis, E. A., and J. Koskinas. 1986. Treatment of chronic active ' 'hepatitis B (CAH B) with chloroquine: a preliminary report. Ann. Acad. ' 'Med. Singapore15:149-152.', 'journal-title': 'Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore'}, {'key': 'e_1_3_2_20_2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMoa030781'}, { 'key': 'e_1_3_2_21_2', 'first-page': '1163', 'year': '2001', 'unstructured': 'Lai, M. M. C., and K. V. Holmes. 2001. Coronaviridae: the viruses and ' 'their replication, p. 1163-1185. In D. M. Knipe, P. M. Howley, D. E. ' 'Griffin, R. A. Lamb, M. A. Martin, B. Roizman, and S. E. Straus (ed.), ' 'Fields virology, 4th ed. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, ' 'PA.', 'journal-title': 'Fields virology'}, {'key': 'e_1_3_2_22_2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1002/jmv.1890050306'}, {'key': 'e_1_3_2_23_2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1128/JCM.02614-05'}, { 'key': 'e_1_3_2_24_2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '45', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0165-2478(98)00096-0', 'volume': '64', 'year': '1998', 'unstructured': 'Pardridge, W. M., J. Yang, and A. Diagne. 1998. Chloroquine inhibits ' 'HIV-1 replication in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Immunol. ' 'Lett.64:45-47.', 'journal-title': 'Immunol. Lett.'}, { 'key': 'e_1_3_2_25_2', 'first-page': '474', 'volume': '70', 'year': '1963', 'unstructured': 'Rubin, M., H. N. Bernstein, and N. J. Zvaifler. 1963. Studies on the ' 'pharmacology of chloroquine. Recommendations for the treatment of ' 'chloroquine retinopathy. Arch. Ophthalmol.70:474-481.', 'journal-title': 'Recommendations for the treatment of chloroquine retinopathy. Arch. ' 'Ophthalmol.'}, { 'key': 'e_1_3_2_26_2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00806-5'}, { 'key': 'e_1_3_2_27_2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '131', 'DOI': '10.1016/S1386-6532(00)00139-6', 'volume': '20', 'year': '2001', 'unstructured': 'Savarino, A., L. Gennero, K. Sperber, and J. R. Boelaert. 2001. The ' 'anti-HIV-1 activity of chloroquine. J. Clin. Virol.20:131-135.', 'journal-title': 'J. Clin. Virol.'}, { 'key': 'e_1_3_2_28_2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '725', 'DOI': '10.1089/jir.1996.16.725', 'volume': '16', 'year': '1996', 'unstructured': 'Singh, A. K., G. S. Sidhu, R. M. Friedman, and R. K. Maheshwari. 1996. ' 'Mechanism of enhancement of the antiviral action of interferon against ' 'herpes simplex virus-1 by chloroquine. J. Interferon Cytokine ' 'Res.16:725-731.', 'journal-title': 'J. Interferon Cytokine Res.'}, { 'key': 'e_1_3_2_29_2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '481', 'DOI': '10.1089/aid.1990.6.481', 'volume': '6', 'year': '1990', 'unstructured': 'Tsai, W. P., P. L. Nara, H. F. Kung, and S. Oroszlan. 1990. Inhibition ' 'of human immunodeficiency virus infectivity by chloroquine. AIDS Res. ' 'Hum. Retrovir.6:481-489.', 'journal-title': 'AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir.'}, {'key': 'e_1_3_2_30_2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1038/nm1024'}, {'key': 'e_1_3_2_31_2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1128/JVI.02675-05'}, { 'key': 'e_1_3_2_32_2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.virol.2005.04.010'}, { 'key': 'e_1_3_2_33_2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1128/JCM.43.11.5452-5456.2005'}, { 'key': 'e_1_3_2_34_2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1128/JVI.79.3.1595-1604.2005'}, {'key': 'e_1_3_2_35_2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1186/1743-422X-2-69'}, { 'key': 'e_1_3_2_36_2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1128/JVI.79.2.884-895.2005'}, {'key': 'e_1_3_2_37_2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1086/497151'}], 'container-title': 'Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy', 'original-title': [], 'language': 'en', 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://journals.asm.org/doi/pdf/10.1128/AAC.01509-08', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'https://journals.asm.org/doi/pdf/10.1128/AAC.01509-08', 'content-type': 'unspecified', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2022, 2, 21]], 'date-time': '2022-02-21T20:17:53Z', 'timestamp': 1645474673000}, 'score': 1, 'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/AAC.01509-08'}}, 'subtitle': [], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2009, 8]]}, 'references-count': 36, 'journal-issue': {'issue': '8', 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2009, 8]]}}, 'alternative-id': ['10.1128/AAC.01509-08'], 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01509-08', 'relation': {}, 'ISSN': ['0066-4804', '1098-6596'], 'subject': [], 'container-title-short': 'Antimicrob Agents Chemother', 'published': {'date-parts': [[2009, 8]]}, 'assertion': [ { 'value': '2008-11-12', 'order': 0, 'name': 'received', 'label': 'Received', 'group': {'name': 'publication_history', 'label': 'Publication History'}}, { 'value': '2009-04-09', 'order': 1, 'name': 'accepted', 'label': 'Accepted', 'group': {'name': 'publication_history', 'label': 'Publication History'}}, { 'value': '2009-08-01', 'order': 2, 'name': 'published', 'label': 'Published', 'group': {'name': 'publication_history', 'label': 'Publication History'}}]}

Download Image

Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.

Submit

Post

@CovidAnalysis

FAQ

Public domain CC0 1.0