Analgesics
Antiandrogens
Antihistamines
Azvudine
Bromhexine
Budesonide
Colchicine
Conv. Plasma
Curcumin
Famotidine
Favipiravir
Fluvoxamine
Hydroxychlor..
Ivermectin
Lifestyle
Melatonin
Metformin
Minerals
Molnupiravir
Monoclonals
Naso/orophar..
Nigella Sativa
Nitazoxanide
PPIs
Paxlovid
Quercetin
Remdesivir
Thermotherapy
Vitamins
More

Other
Feedback
Home
Top
Abstract
All HCQ studies
Meta analysis
 
Feedback
Home
next
study
previous
study
c19hcq.org COVID-19 treatment researchHCQHCQ (more..)
Melatonin Meta
Metformin Meta
Antihistamines Meta
Azvudine Meta Molnupiravir Meta
Bromhexine Meta
Budesonide Meta
Colchicine Meta Nigella Sativa Meta
Conv. Plasma Meta Nitazoxanide Meta
Curcumin Meta PPIs Meta
Famotidine Meta Paxlovid Meta
Favipiravir Meta Quercetin Meta
Fluvoxamine Meta Remdesivir Meta
Hydroxychlor.. Meta Thermotherapy Meta
Ivermectin Meta

All Studies   Meta Analysis       

Can Zn Be a Critical Element in COVID-19 Treatment?

Rahman et al., Biological Trace Element Research, doi:10.1007/s12011-020-02194-9
May 2020  
  Post
  Facebook
Share
  Source   PDF   All Studies   Meta AnalysisMeta
HCQ for COVID-19
1st treatment shown to reduce risk in March 2020, now with p < 0.00000000001 from 419 studies, recognized in 46 countries.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments.
5,100+ studies for 109 treatments. c19hcq.org
Review of the potential benefits of zinc treatment for COVID-19. Zinc plays important roles in enhancing both innate and adaptive immunity against viral infections. The authors propose that zinc could inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication by directly inhibiting the activity of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Furthermore, chloroquine acts as an ionophore for zinc, allowing it to enter cells and exert antiviral effects. Authors also highlight how zinc treatment could work synergistically with other antiviral drugs being investigated for COVID-19 treatment. While acknowledging potential toxicity issues with excessive zinc intake, the authors argue that appropriate zinc treatment may be beneficial as part of COVID-19 treatment protocols.
Reviews covering hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 include1-26.
Review covers zinc and HCQ.
Rahman et al., 26 May 2020, peer-reviewed, 2 authors. Contact: m.tariqur.rahman@gmail.com, tarique@um.edu.my, syedzahir@iium.edu.my, szidid@gmail.com.
This PaperHCQAll
Can Zn Be a Critical Element in COVID-19 Treatment?
Mohammad Tariqur Rahman, Syed Zahir Idid
Biological Trace Element Research, doi:10.1007/s12011-020-02194-9
The current COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has prompted investigators worldwide to search for an effective antiviral treatment. A number of anti-viral drugs such as ribavirin, remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, antibiotics such as azithromycin and doxycycline, and anti-parasite such as ivermectin have been recommended for COVID-19 treatment. In addition, sufficient pre-clinical rationale and evidence have been presented to use chloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19. Furthermore, Zn has the ability to enhance innate and adaptive immunity in the course of a viral infection. Besides, Zn supplement can favour COVID-19 treatment using those suggested and/or recommended drugs. Again, the effectiveness of Zn can be enhanced by using chloroquine as an ionophore while Zn inside the infected cell can stop SARS-CoV-2 replication. Given those benefits, this perspective paper describes how and why Zn could be given due consideration as a complement to the prescribed treatment of COVID-19.
Compliance with Ethical Standards Conflict of Interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Ethics Approval Not applicable. Consent to Participate (Include Appropriate Statements) Not applicable. Code Availability Not applicable. Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
References
Alirezaei, Nairn, Glowinski, Prémont, Marin, Zinc inhibits protein synthesis in neurons. Potential role of phosphorylation of translation initiation factor-2alpha, J Biol Chem, doi:10.1074/jbc.274.45.32433
Aydemir, Blanchard, Cousins, Zinc supplementation of young men alters metallothionein, zinc transporter, and cytokine gene expression in leukocyte populations, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, doi:10.1073/pnas.0510407103
Bonaventura, Benedetti, Albarede, Miossec, Zinc and its role in immunity and inflammation, Autoimmun Rev, doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2014.11.008
Cao, Wang, Wen, Liu, Wang et al., A trial of lopinavir-ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe Covid-19, N Engl J Med, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001282
Casadevall, Pirofski, The convalescent sera option for containing COVID-19, J Clin Invest, doi:10.1172/JCI138003
Chen, Xiong, Bao, Shi, Convalescent plasma as a potential therapy for COVID-19, Lancet Infect Dis, doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30141-9
Chen, Zhang, Jianying, Favipiravir versus Arbidol for COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial, medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.03.17.20037432
Chen, Zhou, Dong, Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study, Lancet, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7
Cheng, Lau, Woo, Yuen, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus as an agent of emerging and reemerging infection, Clin Microbiol Rev, doi:10.1128/CMR.00023-07
Cheung, Poon, Ng, Luk, Sia et al., Cytokine responses in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirusinfected macrophages in vitro: possible relevance to pathogenesis, J Virol, doi:10.1128/JVI.79.12.7819-7826.2005
Choi, Ryter, Levine, Autophagy in human health and disease, N Engl J Med, doi:10.1056/NEJMra1205406
Conti, Gallenga, Tete, How to reduce the likelihood of coronavirus-19 (CoV-19 or SARS-CoV-2) infection and lung inflammation mediated by IL-1, J Biol Regul Homeost Agents
Cortegiani, Ingoglia, Ippolito, Giarratano, Einav, A systematic review on the efficacy and safety of chloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19, J Crit Care, doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.03.005
Cousins, Liuzzi, Lichten, Mammalian zinc transport, trafficking, and signals, J Biol Chem, doi:10.1074/jbc.R600011200
Denison, Perlman, Translation and processing of mouse hepatitis virus virion RNA in a cell-free system, J Virol
Denison, Zoltick, Hughes, Giangreco, Olson et al., Intracellular processing of the N-terminal ORF 1a proteins of the coronavirus MHV-A59 requires multiple proteolytic events, Virology, doi:10.1016/0042-6822(92)90703-r
Devaux, Rolain, Colson, Raoult, New insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: what to expect for COVID-19?, Int J Antimicrob Agents, doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105938
Falzarano, De Wit, Martellaro, Callison, Munster et al., Inhibition of novel beta coronavirus replication by a combination of interferon-alpha2b and ribavirin, Sci Rep, doi:10.1038/srep01686
Fehr, Perlman, Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis, Methods Mol Biol, doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1
Finbloom, Silver, Newsome, Gunkel, Comparison of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine use and the development of retinal toxicity, J Rheumatol
Forni, Cagliani, Clerici, Sironi, Molecular evolution of human coronavirus genomes, Trends Microbiol, doi:10.1016/j.tim.2016.09.001
Foster, Samman, Zinc and regulation of inflammatory cytokines: implications for cardiometabolic disease, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu4070676
Frederickson, Koh, Bush, The neurobiology of zinc in health and disease, Nat Rev Neurosci, doi:10.1038/nrn1671
Furuta, Takahashi, Shiraki, Sakamoto, Smee et al., T-705 (favipiravir) and related compounds: novel broad-spectrum inhibitors of RNA viral infections, Antivir Res, doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.02.198
Gautret, Lagier, Parola, Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an openlabel non-randomized clinical trial, Int J Antimicrob Agents, doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949
Gordon, Tchesnokov, Feng, Porter, Götte, The antiviral compound remdesivir potently inhibits RNAdependent RNA polymerase from Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, J Biol Chem, doi:10.1074/jbc.AC120.013056
Haase, Rink, Zinc signals and immune function, Biofactors, doi:10.1002/biof.1114
Haraguchi, Sakurai, Hussain, Anner, Hoshino, Inhibition of HIV-1 infection by zinc group metal compounds, Antivir Res, doi:10.1016/s0166-3542(99)00040-6
Hasan, Rink, Haase, Chelation of free Zn(2)(+) impairs chemotaxis, phagocytosis, oxidative burst, degranulation, and cytokine production by neutrophil granulocytes, Biol Trace Elem Res, doi:10.1007/s12011-015-0515-0
Hayden, Ghosh, Regulation of NF-kappaB by TNF family cytokines, Semin Immunol, doi:10.1016/j.smim.2014.05.004
Huang, Kirschke, Zhang, Yu, The ZIP7 gene (Slc39a7) encodes a zinc transporter involved in zinc homeostasis of the Golgi apparatus, J Biol Chem, doi:10.1074/jbc.M412188200
Huang, Wang, Li, Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China, Lancet, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
Hui, Memish, Zumla, Severe acute respiratory syndrome vs. the Middle East respiratory syndrome, Curr Opin Pulm Med, doi:10.1097/MCP.0000000000000046
Jansen, Gerlach, Elbahesh, Rimmelzwaan, Saletti, Influenza virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity induced by infection and vaccination, J Clin Virol, doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2019.08.009
Jiang, Mizushima, Autophagy and human diseases, Cell Res, doi:10.1038/cr.2013.161
Katz, Margalith, Inhibition of vaccinia virus maturation by zinc chloride, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, doi:10.1128/aac.19.2.213
Kaushik, Subramani, Anang, Muthumohan, Shalimar et al., Zinc salts block hepatitis E virus replication by inhibiting the activity of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, J Virol, doi:10.1128/JVI.00754-17
Klein, Heyduk, Sunahara, Zinc inhibition of adenylyl cyclase correlates with conformational changes in the enzyme, Cell Signal, doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2004.03.008
Ko, Guo, Hsu, Chiou, Yeh et al., The effect of zinc supplementation on the treatment of chronic hepatitis C patients with interferon and ribavirin, Clin Biochem, doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2005.04.003
Korant, Kauer, Butterworth, Zinc ions inhibit replication of rhinoviruses, Nature, doi:10.1038/248588a0
Kr Zel, Maret, Dual nanomolar and picomolar Zn (II) binding properties of metallothionein, J Am Chem Soc, doi:10.1021/ja071979s
Krenn, Gaudernak, Holzer, Lanke, Van Kuppeveld et al., Antiviral activity of the zinc ionophores pyrithione and hinokitiol against picornavirus infections, J Virol, doi:10.1128/JVI.01543-08
Kuba, Imai, Rao, Gao, Guo et al., A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus-induced lung injury, Nat Med, doi:10.1038/nm1267
Lanke, Krenn, Melchers, Seipelt, Van Kuppeveld, PDTC inhibits picornavirus polyprotein processing and RNA replication by transporting zinc ions into cells, J Gen Virol, doi:10.1099/vir.0.82634-0
Law, Cheung, Ng, Sia, Chan et al., Chemokine upregulation in SARS-coronavirus-infected, monocyte-derived human dendritic cells, Blood, doi:10.1182/blood-2004-10-4166
Lawrence, The nuclear factor NF-kappaB pathway in inflammation, Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol, doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a001651
Lazarczyk, Favre, Role of Zn2+ ions in host-virus interactions, J Virol, doi:10.1128/JVI.01314-08
Lescure, Bouadma, Nguyen, Parisey, Wicky et al., Clinical and virological data of the first cases of COVID-19 in Europe: a case series, Lancet Infect Dis, doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30200-0
Levine, Kroemer, Biological functions of autophagy genes: a disease perspective, Cell, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.09.048
Lichten, Cousins, Mammalian zinc transporters: nutritional and physiologic regulation, Annu Rev Nutr, doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-033009-083312
Liu, Cao, Xu, Wang, Zhang et al., Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine , is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro, Cell Discov, doi:10.1038/s41421-020-0156-0
Liu, Wei, Alvarez, Wang, Du et al., Epithelial cells lining salivary gland ducts are early target cells of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in the upper respiratory tracts of rhesus macaques, J Virol, doi:10.1128/JVI.02292-10
Liuzzi, Yoo, Role of zinc in the regulation of autophagy during ethanol exposure in human hepatoma cells, Biol Trace Elem Res, doi:10.1007/s12011-013-9816-3
Lu, Zhao, Li, Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding, Lancet, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8
Lubke, Lobel, Sleat, Proteomics of the lysosome, Biochim Biophys Acta, doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.09.018
Ma, Li, Wang, Xu, Expression and significance of metallothionein in the placenta of women with low level lead exposure during pregnancy, Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi
Maret, Zinc biochemistry: from a single zinc enzyme to a key element of life, Adv Nutr, doi:10.3945/an.112.003038
Maywald, Rink, Zinc supplementation induces CD4(+ )CD25(+)Foxp3(+) antigen-specific regulatory T cells and suppresses IFN-gamma production by upregulation of Foxp3 and KLF-10 and downregulation of IRF-1, Eur J Nutr, doi:10.1007/s00394-016-1228-7
Meijer, Codogno, Autophagy: regulation and role in disease, Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci, doi:10.1080/10408360903044068
Mizushima, A brief history of autophagy from cell biology to physiology and disease, Nat Cell Biol, doi:10.1038/s41556-018-0092-5
Mizushima, Yoshimori, Levine, Methods in mammalian autophagy research, Cell, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.028
Morse, Lalonde, Xu, Liu, Learning from the past: possible urgent prevention and treatment options for severe acute respiratory infections caused by 2019-nCoV, Chembiochem, doi:10.1002/cbic.202000047
Moyle, Else, Jackson, Back, Yapa et al., Coadministration of atazanavir-ritonavir and zinc sulfate: impact on hyperbilirubinemia and pharmacokinetics, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, doi:10.1128/AAC.00357-13
Ohkuma, Poole, Cytoplasmic vacuolation of mouse peritoneal macrophages and the uptake into lysosomes of weakly basic substances, J Cell Biol, doi:10.1083/jcb.90.3.656
Ou, Liu, Lei, Li, Mi et al., Characterization of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 on virus entry and its immune cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV, Nat Commun, doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15562-9
Palmiter, Findley, Cloning and functional characterization of a mammalian zinc transporter that confers resistance to zinc, EMBO J
Pauwels, Van Weyenbergh, Soumillion, Induction by zinc of specific metallothionein isoforms in human monocytes, Eur J Biochem
Pedersen, Ho, SARS-CoV-2: a storm is raging, J Clin Invest, doi:10.1172/JCI137647
Perlman, Netland, Coronaviruses post-SARS: update on replication and pathogenesis, Nat Rev Microbiol, doi:10.1038/nrmicro2147
Prasad, Zinc in human health: effect of zinc on immune cells, Mol Med, doi:10.2119/2008-00033.Prasad
Principi, Esposito, Correspondence Chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for prophylaxis of COVID-19, Lancet Infect Dis, doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30296-6
Rahman, Haque, Kasim, Ley, Origin, function, and fate of metallothionein in human blood, Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol, doi:10.1007/112_2017_1
Rahman, Karim, Metallothionein: a potential link in the regulation of zinc in nutritional immunity, Biol Trace Elem Res, doi:10.1007/s12011-017-1061-8
Sahraei, Shabani, Shokouhi, Saffaei, Aminoquinolines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine, Int J Antimicrob Agents, doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105945
Saper, Rash, Zinc: an essential micronutrient, Am Fam Physician
Sargiacomo, Sotgia, Lisanti, COVID-19 and chronological aging: senolytics and other anti-aging drugs for the treatment or prevention of corona virus infection? Aging, doi:10.18632/aging.103001
Savarino, Boelaert, Cassone, Personal view antiviral effects of chloroquine effects of chloroquine on viral infections : an old drug against today ' s diseases ?, Personal view
Solomon, Lee, Chloroquine and its analogs: a new promise of an old drug for effective and safe cancer therapies, Eur J Pharmacol, doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.06.063
Su, Wong, Shi, Liu, Lai et al., Epidemiology, genetic recombination, and pathogenesis of coronaviruses, Trends Microbiol, doi:10.1016/j.tim.2016.03.003
Suara, Crowe, Effect of zinc salts on respiratory syncytial virus replication, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, doi:10.1128/aac.48.3.783-790.2004
Suzuki, Takagi, Sohara, Kanda, Kakizaki et al., Triple therapy of interferon and ribavirin with zinc supplementation for patients with chronic hepatitis C: a randomized controlled clinical trial, World J Gastroenterol, doi:10.3748/wjg.v12.i8.1265
Thorlund, Dron, Park, Correspondence a real-time dashboard, Lancet, doi:10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30086-8
Uchide, Ohyama, Bessho, Effect of antioxidants on apoptosis induced by influenza virus infection: inhibition of viral gene replication and transcription with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, Antivir Res, doi:10.1016/s0166-3542(02)00109-2
Vallee, Falchuk, The biochemical basis of zinc physiology, Physiol Rev
Velthuis, Van Den Worm, She, Sims, Baric et al., Zn(2+) inhibits coronavirus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity in vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in cell culture, PLoS Pathog, doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001176
Wang, Cao, Zhang, Yang, Liu et al., Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro, Cell Res
Wang, He, Yu, Hu, Bao et al., Coronavirus disease 2019 in elderly patients: characteristics and prognostic factors based on 4-week follow-up, J Inf Secur, doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.019
Wang, Yang, Li, Wen, Zhang, Clinical features of 69 cases with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China Clin Infect Dis an Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am, doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa272
Whitmire, Ahmed, Costimulation in antiviral immunity: differential requirements for CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses, Curr Opin Immunol, doi:10.1016/s0952-7915(00)00119-9
Wong, Lee, Pivotal role of convalescent plasma in managing emerging infectious diseases, Vox Sang, doi:10.1111/vox.12927
Wrapp, Wang, Corbett, Goldsmith, Hsieh et al., Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation, Science, doi:10.1126/science.abb2507
Wu, Peng, Huang, Ding, Wang et al., Genome composition and divergence of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) originating in China, Cell Host Microbe, doi:10.1016/j.chom.2020.02.001
Xue, Moyer, Peng, Wu, Hannafon et al., Chloroquine is a zinc ionophore, PLoS One, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109180
Yao, Ye, Zhang, Cui, Huang et al., In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Clin Infect Dis an Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am, doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa237
Ye, Wang, Mao, The pathogenesis and treatment of the 'cytokine storm, J Inf Secur, doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.037
Zhou, Zhang, Qu, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a clinical update, Front Med, doi:10.1007/s11684-020-0767-8
Zhu, Zhang, Li, Yang, Song et al., China Novel Coronavirus Investigating and Research Team (2020) A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019, N Engl J Med, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001017
{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2024, 4, 28]], 'date-time': '2024-04-28T13:07:38Z', 'timestamp': 1714309658573}, 'reference-count': 97, 'publisher': 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 'issue': '2', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2020, 5, 26]], 'date-time': '2020-05-26T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1590451200000}, 'content-version': 'tdm', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://www.springer.com/tdm'}, { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2020, 5, 26]], 'date-time': '2020-05-26T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1590451200000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://www.springer.com/tdm'}], 'funder': [ { 'DOI': '10.13039/501100004386', 'name': 'Universiti Malaya', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'award': ['Not Applicable']}], 'content-domain': {'domain': ['link.springer.com'], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2021, 2]]}, 'DOI': '10.1007/s12011-020-02194-9', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2020, 5, 26]], 'date-time': '2020-05-26T22:02:38Z', 'timestamp': 1590530558000}, 'page': '550-558', 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 77, 'title': 'Can Zn Be a Critical Element in COVID-19 Treatment?', 'prefix': '10.1007', 'volume': '199', 'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3600-3265', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Mohammad Tariqur', 'family': 'Rahman', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Syed Zahir', 'family': 'Idid', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '297', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2020, 5, 26]]}, 'reference': [ { 'key': '2194_CR1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '233', 'DOI': '10.1097/MCP.0000000000000046', 'volume': '20', 'author': 'DS Hui', 'year': '2014', 'unstructured': 'Hui DS, Memish ZA, Zumla A (2014) Severe acute respiratory syndrome vs. ' 'the Middle East respiratory syndrome. Curr Opin Pulm Med 20:233–241. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1097/MCP.0000000000000046', 'journal-title': 'Curr Opin Pulm Med'}, { 'key': '2194_CR2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '490', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.tim.2016.03.003', 'volume': '24', 'author': 'S Su', 'year': '2016', 'unstructured': 'Su S, Wong G, Shi W, Liu J, Lai ACK, Zhou J, Liu W, Bi Y, Gao GF (2016) ' 'Epidemiology, genetic recombination, and pathogenesis of coronaviruses. ' 'Trends Microbiol 24:490–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2016.03.003', 'journal-title': 'Trends Microbiol'}, { 'key': '2194_CR3', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '497', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5', 'volume': '395', 'author': 'C Huang', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Huang C, Wang Y, Li X et al (2020) Clinical features of patients ' 'infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet ' '395:497–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5', 'journal-title': 'Lancet'}, { 'key': '2194_CR4', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '727', 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMoa2001017', 'volume': '382', 'author': 'N Zhu', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, Zhao X, Huang B, Shi W, Lu ' 'R, Niu P, Zhan F, Ma X, Wang D, Xu W, Wu G, Gao GF, Tan W, China Novel ' 'Coronavirus Investigating and Research Team (2020) A novel coronavirus ' 'from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med 382:727–733. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001017', 'journal-title': 'N Engl J Med'}, { 'key': '2194_CR5', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '35', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.tim.2016.09.001', 'volume': '25', 'author': 'D Forni', 'year': '2017', 'unstructured': 'Forni D, Cagliani R, Clerici M, Sironi M (2017) Molecular evolution of ' 'human coronavirus genomes. Trends Microbiol 25:35–48. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2016.09.001', 'journal-title': 'Trends Microbiol'}, { 'key': '2194_CR6', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '660', 'DOI': '10.1128/CMR.00023-07', 'volume': '20', 'author': 'VCC Cheng', 'year': '2007', 'unstructured': 'Cheng VCC, Lau SKP, Woo PCY, Yuen KY (2007) Severe acute respiratory ' 'syndrome coronavirus as an agent of emerging and reemerging infection. ' 'Clin Microbiol Rev 20:660–694. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00023-07', 'journal-title': 'Clin Microbiol Rev'}, { 'key': '2194_CR7', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '325', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.chom.2020.02.001', 'volume': '27', 'author': 'A Wu', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Wu A, Peng Y, Huang B, Ding X, Wang X, Niu P, Meng J, Zhu Z, Zhang Z, ' 'Wang J, Sheng J, Quan L, Xia Z, Tan W, Cheng G, Jiang T (2020) Genome ' 'composition and divergence of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) ' 'originating in China. Cell Host Microbe 27:325–328. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2020.02.001', 'journal-title': 'Cell Host Microbe'}, { 'key': '2194_CR8', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '565', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8', 'volume': '395', 'author': 'R Lu', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Lu R, Zhao X, Li J et al (2020) Genomic characterisation and ' 'epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins ' 'and receptor binding. Lancet 395:565–574. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8', 'journal-title': 'Lancet'}, { 'key': '2194_CR9', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1260', 'DOI': '10.1126/science.abb2507', 'volume': '367', 'author': 'D Wrapp', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Wrapp D, Wang N, Corbett KS, Goldsmith JA, Hsieh CL, Abiona O, Graham ' 'BS, McLellan JS (2020) Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the ' 'prefusion conformation. Science 367:1260–1263. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb2507', 'journal-title': 'Science'}, { 'key': '2194_CR10', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1620', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41467-020-15562-9', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'X Ou', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Ou X, Liu Y, Lei X, Li P, Mi D, Ren L, Guo L, Guo R, Chen T, Hu J, Xiang ' 'Z, Mu Z, Chen X, Chen J, Hu K, Jin Q, Wang J, Qian Z (2020) ' 'Characterization of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 on virus entry and ' 'its immune cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV. Nat Commun 11:1620. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15562-9', 'journal-title': 'Nat Commun'}, { 'key': '2194_CR11', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '4025', 'DOI': '10.1128/JVI.02292-10', 'volume': '85', 'author': 'L Liu', 'year': '2011', 'unstructured': 'Liu L, Wei Q, Alvarez X, Wang H, du Y, Zhu H, Jiang H, Zhou J, Lam P, ' 'Zhang L, Lackner A, Qin C, Chen Z (2011) Epithelial cells lining ' 'salivary gland ducts are early target cells of severe acute respiratory ' 'syndrome coronavirus infection in the upper respiratory tracts of rhesus ' 'macaques. J Virol 85:4025–4030. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02292-10', 'journal-title': 'J Virol'}, { 'key': '2194_CR12', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '875', 'DOI': '10.1038/nm1267', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'K Kuba', 'year': '2005', 'unstructured': 'Kuba K, Imai Y, Rao S, Gao H, Guo F, Guan B, Huan Y, Yang P, Zhang Y, ' 'Deng W, Bao L, Zhang B, Liu G, Wang Z, Chappell M, Liu Y, Zheng D, ' 'Leibbrandt A, Wada T, Slutsky AS, Liu D, Qin C, Jiang C, Penninger JM ' '(2005) A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS ' 'coronavirus-induced lung injury. Nat Med 11:875–879. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1267', 'journal-title': 'Nat Med'}, { 'key': '2194_CR13', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1', 'DOI': '10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1', 'volume': '1282', 'author': 'AR Fehr', 'year': '2015', 'unstructured': 'Fehr AR, Perlman S (2015) Coronaviruses: an overview of their ' 'replication and pathogenesis. Methods Mol Biol 1282:1–23. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1', 'journal-title': 'Methods Mol Biol'}, { 'key': '2194_CR14', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '439', 'DOI': '10.1038/nrmicro2147', 'volume': '7', 'author': 'S Perlman', 'year': '2009', 'unstructured': 'Perlman S, Netland J (2009) Coronaviruses post-SARS: update on ' 'replication and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Microbiol 7:439–450. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2147', 'journal-title': 'Nat Rev Microbiol'}, { 'key': '2194_CR15', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '730', 'DOI': '10.1002/cbic.202000047', 'volume': '21', 'author': 'JS Morse', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Morse JS, Lalonde T, Xu S, Liu WR (2020) Learning from the past: ' 'possible urgent prevention and treatment options for severe acute ' 'respiratory infections caused by 2019-nCoV. Chembiochem 21:730–738. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.202000047', 'journal-title': 'Chembiochem'}, { 'key': '2194_CR16', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '105938', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105938', 'volume': '105938', 'author': 'CA Devaux', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Devaux CA, Rolain J-M, Colson P, Raoult D (2020) New insights on the ' 'antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: what to expect for ' 'COVID-19? Int J Antimicrob Agents 105938:105938. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105938', 'journal-title': 'Int J Antimicrob Agents'}, { 'key': '2194_CR17', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': 'Lescure F-X, Bouadma L, Nguyen D, Parisey M, Wicky PH, Behillil S, ' 'Gaymard A, Bouscambert-Duchamp M, Donati F, le Hingrat Q, Enouf V, ' 'Houhou-Fidouh N, Valette M, Mailles A, Lucet JC, Mentre F, Duval X, ' 'Descamps D, Malvy D, Timsit JF, Lina B, van-der-Werf S, Yazdanpanah Y ' '(2020) Clinical and virological data of the first cases of COVID-19 in ' 'Europe: a case series. Lancet Infect Dis. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30200-0', 'DOI': '10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30200-0'}, { 'key': '2194_CR18', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': 'Zhou M, Zhang X, Qu J (2020) Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a ' 'clinical update. Front Med. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-020-0767-8', 'DOI': '10.1007/s11684-020-0767-8'}, { 'key': '2194_CR19', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '507', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7', 'volume': '395', 'author': 'N Chen', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X et al (2020) Epidemiological and clinical ' 'characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in ' 'Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet 395:507–513. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7', 'journal-title': 'Lancet'}, { 'key': '2194_CR20', 'unstructured': 'Ma HY, Li H, Wang JC, Xu FS (2006) Expression and significance of ' 'metallothionein in the placenta of women with low level lead exposure ' 'during pregnancy. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 41(10):676–679'}, { 'key': '2194_CR21', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': 'Ye Q, Wang B, Mao J (2020) The pathogenesis and treatment of the ' '‘cytokine storm’ in COVID-19. J Inf Secur. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.037', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.037'}, { 'key': '2194_CR22', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '2366', 'DOI': '10.1182/blood-2004-10-4166', 'volume': '106', 'author': 'HKW Law', 'year': '2005', 'unstructured': 'Law HKW, Cheung CY, Ng HY, Sia SF, Chan YO, Luk W, Nicholls JM, Peiris ' 'JSM, Lau YL (2005) Chemokine up-regulation in SARS-coronavirus-infected, ' 'monocyte-derived human dendritic cells. Blood 106:2366–2374. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2004-10-4166', 'journal-title': 'Blood'}, { 'key': '2194_CR23', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '7819', 'DOI': '10.1128/JVI.79.12.7819-7826.2005', 'volume': '79', 'author': 'CY Cheung', 'year': '2005', 'unstructured': 'Cheung CY, Poon LLM, Ng IHY, Luk W, Sia SF, Wu MHS, Chan KH, Yuen KY, ' 'Gordon S, Guan Y, Peiris JSM (2005) Cytokine responses in severe acute ' 'respiratory syndrome coronavirus-infected macrophages in vitro: possible ' 'relevance to pathogenesis. J Virol 79:7819–7826. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.79.12.7819-7826.2005', 'journal-title': 'J Virol'}, { 'key': '2194_CR24', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '2202', 'DOI': '10.1172/JCI137647', 'volume': '130', 'author': 'SF Pedersen', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Pedersen SF, Ho Y-C (2020) SARS-CoV-2: a storm is raging. J Clin Invest ' '130:2202–2205. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI137647', 'journal-title': 'J Clin Invest'}, { 'key': '2194_CR25', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': 'Wang Z, Yang B, Li Q, Wen L, Zhang R (2020) Clinical features of 69 ' 'cases with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan. China Clin Infect Dis an ' 'Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa272', 'DOI': '10.1093/cid/ciaa272'}, { 'key': '2194_CR26', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': 'Wang L, He W, Yu X, Hu D, Bao M, Liu H, Zhou J, Jiang H (2020) ' 'Coronavirus disease 2019 in elderly patients: characteristics and ' 'prognostic factors based on 4-week follow-up. J Inf Secur. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.019', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.019'}, { 'key': '2194_CR27', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '79', 'DOI': '10.1152/physrev.1993.73.1.79', 'volume': '73', 'author': 'BL Vallee', 'year': '1993', 'unstructured': 'Vallee BL, Falchuk KH (1993) The biochemical basis of zinc physiology. ' 'Physiol Rev 73:79–118', 'journal-title': 'Physiol Rev'}, { 'key': '2194_CR28', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1177', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.cellsig.2004.03.008', 'volume': '16', 'author': 'C Klein', 'year': '2004', 'unstructured': 'Klein C, Heyduk T, Sunahara RK (2004) Zinc inhibition of adenylyl ' 'cyclase correlates with conformational changes in the enzyme. Cell ' 'Signal 16:1177–1185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellsig.2004.03.008', 'journal-title': 'Cell Signal'}, { 'key': '2194_CR29', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '676', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu4070676', 'volume': '4', 'author': 'M Foster', 'year': '2012', 'unstructured': 'Foster M, Samman S (2012) Zinc and regulation of inflammatory cytokines: ' 'implications for cardiometabolic disease. Nutrients 4:676–694. ' 'https://doi.org/10.3390/nu4070676', 'journal-title': 'Nutrients'}, { 'key': '2194_CR30', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '639', 'DOI': '10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07042.x', 'volume': '14', 'author': 'RD Palmiter', 'year': '1995', 'unstructured': 'Palmiter RD, Findley SD (1995) Cloning and functional characterization ' 'of a mammalian zinc transporter that confers resistance to zinc. EMBO J ' '14:639–649', 'journal-title': 'EMBO J'}, { 'key': '2194_CR31', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '153', 'DOI': '10.1146/annurev-nutr-033009-083312', 'volume': '29', 'author': 'LA Lichten', 'year': '2009', 'unstructured': 'Lichten LA, Cousins RJ (2009) Mammalian zinc transporters: nutritional ' 'and physiologic regulation. Annu Rev Nutr 29:153–176. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-033009-083312', 'journal-title': 'Annu Rev Nutr'}, { 'key': '2194_CR32', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '24085', 'DOI': '10.1074/jbc.R600011200', 'volume': '281', 'author': 'RJ Cousins', 'year': '2006', 'unstructured': 'Cousins RJ, Liuzzi JP, Lichten LA (2006) Mammalian zinc transport, ' 'trafficking, and signals. J Biol Chem 281:24085–24089. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.R600011200', 'journal-title': 'J Biol Chem'}, { 'key': '2194_CR33', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1699', 'DOI': '10.1073/pnas.0510407103', 'volume': '103', 'author': 'TB Aydemir', 'year': '2006', 'unstructured': 'Aydemir TB, Blanchard RK, Cousins RJ (2006) Zinc supplementation of ' 'young men alters metallothionein, zinc transporter, and cytokine gene ' 'expression in leukocyte populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ' '103:1699–1704. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0510407103', 'journal-title': 'Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A'}, { 'key': '2194_CR34', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '15456', 'DOI': '10.1074/jbc.M412188200', 'volume': '280', 'author': 'L Huang', 'year': '2005', 'unstructured': 'Huang L, Kirschke CP, Zhang Y, Yu YY (2005) The ZIP7 gene (Slc39a7) ' 'encodes a zinc transporter involved in zinc homeostasis of the Golgi ' 'apparatus. J Biol Chem 280:15456–15463. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M412188200', 'journal-title': 'J Biol Chem'}, { 'key': '2194_CR35', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '105', 'DOI': '10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb18603.x', 'volume': '220', 'author': 'M Pauwels', 'year': '1994', 'unstructured': 'Pauwels M, van Weyenbergh J, Soumillion A et al (1994) Induction by zinc ' 'of specific metallothionein isoforms in human monocytes. Eur J Biochem ' '220:105–110', 'journal-title': 'Eur J Biochem'}, { 'key': '2194_CR36', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '10911', 'DOI': '10.1021/ja071979s', 'volume': '129', 'author': 'A Krȩzel', 'year': '2007', 'unstructured': 'Krȩzel A, Maret W (2007) Dual nanomolar and picomolar Zn (II) binding ' 'properties of metallothionein. J Am Chem Soc 129:10911–10921. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1021/ja071979s', 'journal-title': 'J Am Chem Soc'}, { 'key': '2194_CR37', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '41', 'DOI': '10.1007/112_2017_1', 'volume': '173', 'author': 'MT Rahman', 'year': '2017', 'unstructured': 'Rahman MT, Haque N, Abu Kasim NH, De Ley M (2017) Origin, function, and ' 'fate of metallothionein in human blood. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol ' '173:41–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/112_2017_1', 'journal-title': 'Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol'}, { 'key': '2194_CR38', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '32433', 'DOI': '10.1074/jbc.274.45.32433', 'volume': '274', 'author': 'M Alirezaei', 'year': '1999', 'unstructured': 'Alirezaei M, Nairn AC, Glowinski J, Prémont J, Marin P (1999) Zinc ' 'inhibits protein synthesis in neurons. Potential role of phosphorylation ' 'of translation initiation factor-2alpha. J Biol Chem 274:32433–32438. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.274.45.32433', 'journal-title': 'J Biol Chem'}, { 'key': '2194_CR39', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '449', 'DOI': '10.1038/nrn1671', 'volume': '6', 'author': 'CJ Frederickson', 'year': '2005', 'unstructured': 'Frederickson CJ, Koh J-Y, Bush AI (2005) The neurobiology of zinc in ' 'health and disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 6:449–462. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1671', 'journal-title': 'Nat Rev Neurosci'}, { 'key': '2194_CR40', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '11486', 'DOI': '10.1128/JVI.01314-08', 'volume': '82', 'author': 'M Lazarczyk', 'year': '2008', 'unstructured': 'Lazarczyk M, Favre M (2008) Role of Zn2+ ions in host-virus ' 'interactions. J Virol 82:11486–11494. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01314-08', 'journal-title': 'J Virol'}, { 'key': '2194_CR41', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': 'a001651', 'DOI': '10.1101/cshperspect.a001651', 'volume': '1', 'author': 'T Lawrence', 'year': '2009', 'unstructured': 'Lawrence T (2009) The nuclear factor NF-kappaB pathway in inflammation. ' 'Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 1:a001651. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a001651', 'journal-title': 'Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol'}, { 'key': '2194_CR42', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '253', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.smim.2014.05.004', 'volume': '26', 'author': 'MS Hayden', 'year': '2014', 'unstructured': 'Hayden MS, Ghosh S (2014) Regulation of NF-kappaB by TNF family ' 'cytokines. Semin Immunol 26:253–266. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smim.2014.05.004', 'journal-title': 'Semin Immunol'}, { 'key': '2194_CR43', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1859', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00394-016-1228-7', 'volume': '56', 'author': 'M Maywald', 'year': '2017', 'unstructured': 'Maywald M, Rink L (2017) Zinc supplementation induces ' 'CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) antigen-specific regulatory T cells and suppresses ' 'IFN-gamma production by upregulation of Foxp3 and KLF-10 and ' 'downregulation of IRF-1. Eur J Nutr 56:1859–1869. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-016-1228-7', 'journal-title': 'Eur J Nutr'}, { 'key': '2194_CR44', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '448', 'DOI': '10.1016/s0952-7915(00)00119-9', 'volume': '12', 'author': 'JK Whitmire', 'year': '2000', 'unstructured': 'Whitmire JK, Ahmed R (2000) Costimulation in antiviral immunity: ' 'differential requirements for CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses. Curr ' 'Opin Immunol 12:448–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0952-7915(00)00119-9', 'journal-title': 'Curr Opin Immunol'}, { 'key': '2194_CR45', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '44', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jcv.2019.08.009', 'volume': '119', 'author': 'JM Jansen', 'year': '2019', 'unstructured': 'Jansen JM, Gerlach T, Elbahesh H, Rimmelzwaan GF, Saletti G (2019) ' 'Influenza virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity induced ' 'by infection and vaccination. J Clin Virol 119:44–52. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2019.08.009', 'journal-title': 'J Clin Virol'}, { 'key': '2194_CR46', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '350', 'DOI': '10.1007/s12011-013-9816-3', 'volume': '156', 'author': 'JP Liuzzi', 'year': '2013', 'unstructured': 'Liuzzi JP, Yoo C (2013) Role of zinc in the regulation of autophagy ' 'during ethanol exposure in human hepatoma cells. Biol Trace Elem Res ' '156:350–356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-013-9816-3', 'journal-title': 'Biol Trace Elem Res'}, { 'key': '2194_CR47', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '69', 'DOI': '10.1038/cr.2013.161', 'volume': '24', 'author': 'P Jiang', 'year': '2014', 'unstructured': 'Jiang P, Mizushima N (2014) Autophagy and human diseases. Cell Res ' '24:69–79. https://doi.org/10.1038/cr.2013.161', 'journal-title': 'Cell Res'}, { 'key': '2194_CR48', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '651', 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMra1205406', 'volume': '368', 'author': 'AMK Choi', 'year': '2013', 'unstructured': 'Choi AMK, Ryter SW, Levine B (2013) Autophagy in human health and ' 'disease. N Engl J Med 368:651–662. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1205406', 'journal-title': 'N Engl J Med'}, { 'key': '2194_CR49', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '210', 'DOI': '10.1080/10408360903044068', 'volume': '46', 'author': 'AJ Meijer', 'year': '2009', 'unstructured': 'Meijer AJ, Codogno P (2009) Autophagy: regulation and role in disease. ' 'Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 46:210–240. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1080/10408360903044068', 'journal-title': 'Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci'}, { 'key': '2194_CR50', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '521', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41556-018-0092-5', 'volume': '20', 'author': 'N Mizushima', 'year': '2018', 'unstructured': 'Mizushima N (2018) A brief history of autophagy from cell biology to ' 'physiology and disease. Nat Cell Biol 20:521–527. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1038/s41556-018-0092-5', 'journal-title': 'Nat Cell Biol'}, { 'key': '2194_CR51', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '11', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.cell.2018.09.048', 'volume': '176', 'author': 'B Levine', 'year': '2019', 'unstructured': 'Levine B, Kroemer G (2019) Biological functions of autophagy genes: a ' 'disease perspective. Cell 176:11–42. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.09.048', 'journal-title': 'Cell'}, { 'key': '2194_CR52', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '625', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.09.018', 'volume': '1793', 'author': 'T Lubke', 'year': '2009', 'unstructured': 'Lubke T, Lobel P, Sleat DE (2009) Proteomics of the lysosome. Biochim ' 'Biophys Acta 1793:625–635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.09.018', 'journal-title': 'Biochim Biophys Acta'}, { 'key': '2194_CR53', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '82', 'DOI': '10.3945/an.112.003038', 'volume': '4', 'author': 'W Maret', 'year': '2013', 'unstructured': 'Maret W (2013) Zinc biochemistry: from a single zinc enzyme to a key ' 'element of life. Adv Nutr 4:82–91. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.112.003038', 'journal-title': 'Adv Nutr'}, { 'key': '2194_CR54', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '207', 'DOI': '10.1016/s0166-3542(02)00109-2', 'volume': '56', 'author': 'N Uchide', 'year': '2002', 'unstructured': 'Uchide N, Ohyama K, Bessho T et al (2002) Effect of antioxidants on ' 'apoptosis induced by influenza virus infection: inhibition of viral gene ' 'replication and transcription with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate. Antivir ' 'Res 56:207–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0166-3542(02)00109-2', 'journal-title': 'Antivir Res'}, { 'key': '2194_CR55', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '783', 'DOI': '10.1128/aac.48.3.783-790.2004', 'volume': '48', 'author': 'RO Suara', 'year': '2004', 'unstructured': 'Suara RO, Crowe JEJ (2004) Effect of zinc salts on respiratory syncytial ' 'virus replication. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48:783–790. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.48.3.783-790.2004', 'journal-title': 'Antimicrob Agents Chemother'}, { 'key': '2194_CR56', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '588', 'DOI': '10.1038/248588a0', 'volume': '248', 'author': 'BD Korant', 'year': '1974', 'unstructured': 'Korant BD, Kauer JC, Butterworth BE (1974) Zinc ions inhibit replication ' 'of rhinoviruses. Nature 248:588–590. https://doi.org/10.1038/248588a0', 'journal-title': 'Nature'}, { 'key': '2194_CR57', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1206', 'DOI': '10.1099/vir.0.82634-0', 'volume': '88', 'author': 'K Lanke', 'year': '2007', 'unstructured': 'Lanke K, Krenn BM, Melchers WJG, Seipelt J, van Kuppeveld FJM (2007) ' 'PDTC inhibits picornavirus polyprotein processing and RNA replication by ' 'transporting zinc ions into cells. J Gen Virol 88:1206–1217. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.82634-0', 'journal-title': 'J Gen Virol'}, { 'key': '2194_CR58', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '58', 'DOI': '10.1128/JVI.01543-08', 'volume': '83', 'author': 'BM Krenn', 'year': '2009', 'unstructured': 'Krenn BM, Gaudernak E, Holzer B, Lanke K, van Kuppeveld FJM, Seipelt J ' '(2009) Antiviral activity of the zinc ionophores pyrithione and ' 'hinokitiol against picornavirus infections. J Virol 83:58–64. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01543-08', 'journal-title': 'J Virol'}, { 'key': '2194_CR59', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '213', 'DOI': '10.1128/aac.19.2.213', 'volume': '19', 'author': 'E Katz', 'year': '1981', 'unstructured': 'Katz E, Margalith E (1981) Inhibition of vaccinia virus maturation by ' 'zinc chloride. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 19:213–217. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.19.2.213', 'journal-title': 'Antimicrob Agents Chemother'}, { 'key': '2194_CR60', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '123', 'DOI': '10.1016/s0166-3542(99)00040-6', 'volume': '43', 'author': 'Y Haraguchi', 'year': '1999', 'unstructured': 'Haraguchi Y, Sakurai H, Hussain S, Anner BM, Hoshino H (1999) Inhibition ' 'of HIV-1 infection by zinc group metal compounds. Antivir Res ' '43:123–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0166-3542(99)00040-6', 'journal-title': 'Antivir Res'}, { 'key': '2194_CR61', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': 'e1001176', 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.ppat.1001176', 'volume': '6', 'author': 'AJW te Velthuis', 'year': '2010', 'unstructured': 'te Velthuis AJW, van den Worm SHE, Sims AC, Baric RS, Snijder EJ, van ' 'Hemert MJ (2010) Zn(2+) inhibits coronavirus and arterivirus RNA ' 'polymerase activity in vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication ' 'of these viruses in cell culture. PLoS Pathog 6:e1001176. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1001176', 'journal-title': 'PLoS Pathog'}, { 'key': '2194_CR62', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': 'Kaushik N, Subramani C, Anang S, Muthumohan R, Shalimar, Nayak B, ' 'Ranjith-Kumar CT, Surjit M (2017) Zinc salts block hepatitis E virus ' 'replication by inhibiting the activity of viral RNA-dependent RNA ' 'polymerase. J Virol 91. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00754-17', 'DOI': '10.1128/JVI.00754-17'}, { 'key': '2194_CR63', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '398', 'DOI': '10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30141-9', 'volume': '20', 'author': 'L Chen', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Chen L, Xiong J, Bao L, Shi Y (2020) Convalescent plasma as a potential ' 'therapy for COVID-19. Lancet Infect Dis 20:398–400. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30141-9', 'journal-title': 'Lancet Infect Dis'}, { 'key': '2194_CR64', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1545', 'DOI': '10.1172/JCI138003', 'volume': '130', 'author': 'A Casadevall', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Casadevall A, Pirofski L-A (2020) The convalescent sera option for ' 'containing COVID-19. J Clin Invest 130:1545–1548. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI138003', 'journal-title': 'J Clin Invest'}, { 'key': '2194_CR65', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': 'Wong HK, Lee CK (2020) Pivotal role of convalescent plasma in managing ' 'emerging infectious diseases. Vox Sang. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1111/vox.12927', 'DOI': '10.1111/vox.12927'}, { 'key': '2194_CR66', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1686', 'DOI': '10.1038/srep01686', 'volume': '3', 'author': 'D Falzarano', 'year': '2013', 'unstructured': 'Falzarano D, de Wit E, Martellaro C, Callison J, Munster VJ, Feldmann H ' '(2013) Inhibition of novel beta coronavirus replication by a combination ' 'of interferon-alpha2b and ribavirin. Sci Rep 3:1686. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1038/srep01686', 'journal-title': 'Sci Rep'}, { 'key': '2194_CR67', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '3640', 'DOI': '10.1128/AAC.00357-13', 'volume': '57', 'author': 'G Moyle', 'year': '2013', 'unstructured': 'Moyle G, Else L, Jackson A, Back D, Yapa MH, Seymour N, Ringner-Nackter ' 'L, Karolia Z, Gazzard B, Boffito M (2013) Coadministration of ' 'atazanavir-ritonavir and zinc sulfate: impact on hyperbilirubinemia and ' 'pharmacokinetics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57:3640–3644. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00357-13', 'journal-title': 'Antimicrob Agents Chemother'}, { 'key': '2194_CR68', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '269', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0', 'volume': '30', 'author': 'M Wang', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu J, Xu M, Shi Z, Hu Z, Zhong W, Xiao ' 'G (2020) Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently ' 'emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res 30:269–271', 'journal-title': 'Cell Res'}, { 'key': '2194_CR69', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '4773', 'DOI': '10.1074/jbc.AC120.013056', 'volume': '295', 'author': 'CJ Gordon', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Gordon CJ, Tchesnokov EP, Feng JY, Porter DP, Götte M (2020) The ' 'antiviral compound remdesivir potently inhibits RNA-dependent RNA ' 'polymerase from Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Biol ' 'Chem 295:4773–4779. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.AC120.013056', 'journal-title': 'J Biol Chem'}, { 'key': '2194_CR70', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '95', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.02.198', 'volume': '82', 'author': 'Y Furuta', 'year': '2009', 'unstructured': 'Furuta Y, Takahashi K, Shiraki K, Sakamoto K, Smee DF, Barnard DL, Gowen ' 'BB, Julander JG, Morrey JD (2009) T-705 (favipiravir) and related ' 'compounds: novel broad-spectrum inhibitors of RNA viral infections. ' 'Antivir Res 82:95–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.02.198', 'journal-title': 'Antivir Res'}, { 'key': '2194_CR71', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': 'Sargiacomo C, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP (2020) COVID-19 and chronological ' 'aging: senolytics and other anti-aging drugs for the treatment or ' 'prevention of corona virus infection? Aging (Albany NY). ' 'https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.103001', 'DOI': '10.18632/aging.103001'}, { 'key': '2194_CR72', 'unstructured': 'Conti P, Gallenga CE, Tete G et al (2020) How to reduce the likelihood ' 'of coronavirus-19 (CoV-19 or SARS-CoV-2) infection and lung inflammation ' 'mediated by IL-1. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 34'}, { 'key': '2194_CR73', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '2019', 'DOI': '10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30086-8', 'volume': '7500', 'author': 'K Thorlund', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Thorlund K, Dron L, Park J et al (2020) Correspondence a real-time ' 'dashboard. Lancet 7500:2019–2020. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30086-8', 'journal-title': 'Lancet'}, { 'key': '2194_CR74', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1787', 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMoa2001282', 'volume': '382', 'author': 'B Cao', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Cao B, Wang Y, Wen D, Liu W, Wang J, Fan G, Ruan L, Song B, Cai Y, Wei ' 'M, Li X, Xia J, Chen N, Xiang J, Yu T, Bai T, Xie X, Zhang L, Li C, Yuan ' 'Y, Chen H, Li H, Huang H, Tu S, Gong F, Liu Y, Wei Y, Dong C, Zhou F, Gu ' 'X, Xu J, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Li H, Shang L, Wang K, Li K, Zhou X, Dong X, Qu ' 'Z, Lu S, Hu X, Ruan S, Luo S, Wu J, Peng L, Cheng F, Pan L, Zou J, Jia ' 'C, Wang J, Liu X, Wang S, Wu X, Ge Q, He J, Zhan H, Qiu F, Guo L, Huang ' 'C, Jaki T, Hayden FG, Horby PW, Zhang D, Wang C (2020) A trial of ' 'lopinavir–ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe Covid-19. N Engl ' 'J Med 382:1787–1799. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001282', 'journal-title': 'N Engl J Med'}, { 'key': '2194_CR75', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': 'Chen C, Zhang Y, Jianying H et al (2020) Favipiravir versus Arbidol for ' 'COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial. medRxiv. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.17.20037432', 'DOI': '10.1101/2020.03.17.20037432'}, { 'key': '2194_CR76', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': 'Gautret P, Lagier J-C, Parola P et al (2020) Hydroxychloroquine and ' 'azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label ' 'non-randomized clinical trial. Int J Antimicrob Agents:105949. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949'}, { 'key': '2194_CR77', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': 'Cortegiani A, Ingoglia G, Ippolito M, Giarratano A, Einav S (2020) A ' 'systematic review on the efficacy and safety of chloroquine for the ' 'treatment of COVID-19. J Crit Care. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.03.005', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.03.005'}, { 'key': '2194_CR78', 'first-page': '722', 'volume': '3', 'author': 'A Savarino', 'year': '2003', 'unstructured': 'Savarino A, Boelaert JR, Cassone A et al (2003) Personal view antiviral ' 'effects of chloroquine effects of chloroquine on viral infections : an ' 'old drug against today ’ s diseases ? Personal view 3:722–727', 'journal-title': 'Personal view'}, { 'key': '2194_CR79', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '30296', 'DOI': '10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30296-6', 'volume': '3099', 'author': 'N Principi', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Principi N, Esposito S (2020) Correspondence Chloroquine or ' 'hydroxychloroquine for prophylaxis of COVID-19. Lancet Infect Dis ' '3099:30296. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30296-6', 'journal-title': 'Lancet Infect Dis'}, { 'key': '2194_CR80', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': 'Yao X, Ye F, Zhang M, Cui C, Huang B, Niu P, Liu X, Zhao L, Dong E, Song ' 'C, Zhan S, Lu R, Li H, Tan W, Liu D (2020) In vitro antiviral activity ' 'and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the ' 'treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ' '(SARS-CoV-2). Clin Infect Dis an Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa237', 'DOI': '10.1093/cid/ciaa237'}, { 'key': '2194_CR81', 'first-page': '692', 'volume': '12', 'author': 'DS Finbloom', 'year': '1985', 'unstructured': 'Finbloom DS, Silver K, Newsome DA, Gunkel R (1985) Comparison of ' 'hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine use and the development of retinal ' 'toxicity. J Rheumatol 12:692–694', 'journal-title': 'J Rheumatol'}, { 'key': '2194_CR82', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '105945', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105945', 'volume': '55', 'author': 'Z Sahraei', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Sahraei Z, Shabani M, Shokouhi S, Saffaei A (2020) Aminoquinolines ' 'against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): chloroquine or ' 'hydroxychloroquine. Int J Antimicrob Agents 55:105945. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105945', 'journal-title': 'Int J Antimicrob Agents'}, { 'key': '2194_CR83', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': 'Liu J, Cao R, Xu M, Wang X, Zhang H, Hu H, Li Y, Hu Z, Zhong W, Wang M ' '(2020) Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine , is ' 'effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. Cell Discov:6–9. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1038/s41421-020-0156-0', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41421-020-0156-0'}, { 'key': '2194_CR84', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '656', 'DOI': '10.1083/jcb.90.3.656', 'volume': '90', 'author': 'S Ohkuma', 'year': '1981', 'unstructured': 'Ohkuma S, Poole B (1981) Cytoplasmic vacuolation of mouse peritoneal ' 'macrophages and the uptake into lysosomes of weakly basic substances. J ' 'Cell Biol 90:656–664. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.90.3.656', 'journal-title': 'J Cell Biol'}, { 'key': '2194_CR85', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '79', 'DOI': '10.1007/s12011-015-0515-0', 'volume': '171', 'author': 'R Hasan', 'year': '2016', 'unstructured': 'Hasan R, Rink L, Haase H (2016) Chelation of free Zn(2)(+) impairs ' 'chemotaxis, phagocytosis, oxidative burst, degranulation, and cytokine ' 'production by neutrophil granulocytes. Biol Trace Elem Res 171:79–88. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-015-0515-0', 'journal-title': 'Biol Trace Elem Res'}, { 'key': '2194_CR86', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '353', 'DOI': '10.2119/2008-00033.Prasad', 'volume': '14', 'author': 'AS Prasad', 'year': '2008', 'unstructured': 'Prasad AS (2008) Zinc in human health: effect of zinc on immune cells. ' 'Mol Med 14:353–357. https://doi.org/10.2119/2008-00033.Prasad', 'journal-title': 'Mol Med'}, { 'key': '2194_CR87', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '27', 'DOI': '10.1002/biof.1114', 'volume': '40', 'author': 'H Haase', 'year': '2014', 'unstructured': 'Haase H, Rink L (2014) Zinc signals and immune function. Biofactors ' '40:27–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.1114', 'journal-title': 'Biofactors'}, { 'key': '2194_CR88', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '277', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.autrev.2014.11.008', 'volume': '14', 'author': 'P Bonaventura', 'year': '2015', 'unstructured': 'Bonaventura P, Benedetti G, Albarede F, Miossec P (2015) Zinc and its ' 'role in immunity and inflammation. Autoimmun Rev 14:277–285. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2014.11.008', 'journal-title': 'Autoimmun Rev'}, { 'key': '2194_CR89', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1', 'DOI': '10.1007/s12011-017-1061-8', 'volume': '182', 'author': 'MT Rahman', 'year': '2018', 'unstructured': 'Rahman MT, Karim MM (2018) Metallothionein: a potential link in the ' 'regulation of zinc in nutritional immunity. Biol Trace Elem Res ' '182:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-017-1061-8', 'journal-title': 'Biol Trace Elem Res'}, { 'key': '2194_CR90', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '220', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.06.063', 'volume': '625', 'author': 'VR Solomon', 'year': '2009', 'unstructured': 'Solomon VR, Lee H (2009) Chloroquine and its analogs: a new promise of ' 'an old drug for effective and safe cancer therapies. Eur J Pharmacol ' '625:220–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.06.063', 'journal-title': 'Eur J Pharmacol'}, { 'key': '2194_CR91', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '313', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.028', 'volume': '140', 'author': 'N Mizushima', 'year': '2010', 'unstructured': 'Mizushima N, Yoshimori T, Levine B (2010) Methods in mammalian autophagy ' 'research. Cell 140:313–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.028', 'journal-title': 'Cell'}, { 'key': '2194_CR92', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': 'e109180', 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pone.0109180', 'volume': '9', 'author': 'J Xue', 'year': '2014', 'unstructured': 'Xue J, Moyer A, Peng B, Wu J, Hannafon BN, Ding WQ (2014) Chloroquine is ' 'a zinc ionophore. PLoS One 9:e109180. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109180', 'journal-title': 'PLoS One'}, { 'key': '2194_CR93', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '12', 'DOI': '10.1128/JVI.60.1.12-18.1986', 'volume': '60', 'author': 'MR Denison', 'year': '1986', 'unstructured': 'Denison MR, Perlman S (1986) Translation and processing of mouse ' 'hepatitis virus virion RNA in a cell-free system. J Virol 60:12–18', 'journal-title': 'J Virol'}, { 'key': '2194_CR94', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '274', 'DOI': '10.1016/0042-6822(92)90703-r', 'volume': '189', 'author': 'MR Denison', 'year': '1992', 'unstructured': 'Denison MR, Zoltick PW, Hughes SA, Giangreco B, Olson AL, Perlman S, ' 'Leibowitz JL, Weiss SR (1992) Intracellular processing of the N-terminal ' 'ORF 1a proteins of the coronavirus MHV-A59 requires multiple proteolytic ' 'events. Virology 189:274–284. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(92)90703-r', 'journal-title': 'Virology'}, { 'key': '2194_CR95', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '614', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2005.04.003', 'volume': '38', 'author': 'W-S Ko', 'year': '2005', 'unstructured': 'Ko W-S, Guo C-H, Hsu G-SW, Chiou YL, Yeh MS, Yaun SR (2005) The effect ' 'of zinc supplementation on the treatment of chronic hepatitis C patients ' 'with interferon and ribavirin. Clin Biochem 38:614–620. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2005.04.003', 'journal-title': 'Clin Biochem'}, { 'key': '2194_CR96', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1265', 'DOI': '10.3748/wjg.v12.i8.1265', 'volume': '12', 'author': 'H Suzuki', 'year': '2006', 'unstructured': 'Suzuki H, Takagi H, Sohara N, Kanda D, Kakizaki S, Sato K, Mori M, Gunma ' 'Liver Study Group (2006) Triple therapy of interferon and ribavirin with ' 'zinc supplementation for patients with chronic hepatitis C: a randomized ' 'controlled clinical trial. World J Gastroenterol 12:1265–1269. ' 'https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v12.i8.1265', 'journal-title': 'World J Gastroenterol'}, { 'key': '2194_CR97', 'first-page': '768', 'volume': '79', 'author': 'RB Saper', 'year': '2009', 'unstructured': 'Saper RB, Rash R (2009) Zinc: an essential micronutrient. Am Fam ' 'Physician 79:768–772', 'journal-title': 'Am Fam Physician'}], 'container-title': 'Biological Trace Element Research', 'original-title': [], 'language': 'en', 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12011-020-02194-9.pdf', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12011-020-02194-9/fulltext.html', 'content-type': 'text/html', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12011-020-02194-9.pdf', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2021, 5, 25]], 'date-time': '2021-05-25T23:40:06Z', 'timestamp': 1621986006000}, 'score': 1, 'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12011-020-02194-9'}}, 'subtitle': [], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2020, 5, 26]]}, 'references-count': 97, 'journal-issue': {'issue': '2', 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2021, 2]]}}, 'alternative-id': ['2194'], 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02194-9', 'relation': {}, 'ISSN': ['0163-4984', '1559-0720'], 'subject': [], 'container-title-short': 'Biol Trace Elem Res', 'published': {'date-parts': [[2020, 5, 26]]}, 'assertion': [ { 'value': '7 April 2020', 'order': 1, 'name': 'received', 'label': 'Received', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'value': '10 May 2020', 'order': 2, 'name': 'accepted', 'label': 'Accepted', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'value': '26 May 2020', 'order': 3, 'name': 'first_online', 'label': 'First Online', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'order': 1, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Compliance with Ethical Standards'}}, { 'value': 'The authors declare that they have no competing interests.', 'order': 2, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Conflict of Interest'}}, { 'value': 'Not applicable.', 'order': 3, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Ethics Approval'}}, { 'value': 'Not applicable.', 'order': 4, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': { 'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Consent to Participate (Include Appropriate Statements)'}}, { 'value': 'Not applicable.', 'order': 5, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Code Availability'}}, { 'value': 'This content has been made available to all.', 'name': 'free', 'label': 'Free to read'}]}
Loading..
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.
  or use drag and drop   
Submit