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SARS-CoV-2 Syncytium under the Radar: Molecular Insights of the Spike-Induced Syncytia and Potential Strategies to Limit SARS-CoV-2 Replication

Ali et al., Journal of Clinical Medicine, doi:10.3390/jcm12186079
Sep 2023  
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Review of the molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 spike-induced syncytia formation and potential anti-fusogenic therapeutic strategies. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interacts with the ACE2 receptor on adjacent cells, triggering abnormal fusion and formation of syncytia which are beneficial for viral replication, transmission, and immune evasion, contributing to COVID-19 progression. Authors highlight the involvement of various host factors including ACE2, TMEM16F, furin, ADAM10, and calcium ions in modulating the fusogenic properties of the spike protein. Several FDA-approved drugs and small molecules are discussed that selectively inhibit SARS-CoV-2 spike-mediated syncytia formation, including niclosamide and hydroxychloroquine, showing promise as potential therapeutic strategies to limit viral replication. The highly conserved HR1 and HR2 domains of the spike protein are also attractive targets for developing broad-spectrum viral entry/fusion inhibitors.
Reviews covering hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 include1-25.
Review covers niclosamide and HCQ.
Ali et al., 20 Sep 2023, peer-reviewed, 3 authors. Contact: ha504@cam.ac.uk (corresponding author).
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SARS-CoV-2 Syncytium under the Radar: Molecular Insights of the Spike-Induced Syncytia and Potential Strategies to Limit SARS-CoV-2 Replication
Hashim Ali, Asma Naseem, Zaheenul Islam Siddiqui
Journal of Clinical Medicine, doi:10.3390/jcm12186079
SARS-CoV-2 infection induces non-physiological syncytia when its spike fusogenic protein on the surface of the host cells interacts with the ACE2 receptor on adjacent cells. Spike-induced syncytia are beneficial for virus replication, transmission, and immune evasion, and contribute to the progression of COVID-19. In this review, we highlight the properties of viral fusion proteins, mainly the SARS-CoV-2 spike, and the involvement of the host factors in the fusion process. We also highlight the possible use of anti-fusogenic factors as an antiviral for the development of therapeutics against newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and how the fusogenic property of the spike could be exploited for biomedical applications.
Author Contributions: H.A.: writing-original draft preparation, and illustration of images; A.N. and Z.I.S.: review and manuscript editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research received no external funding. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Abbreviations COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019, SARS-CoV: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, MERS-CoV: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, ACE2: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, DPP4: transmembrane dipeptidyl peptidase 4, HA: hemagglutinin, gp41: glycoprotein 41, HIV-1: human immunodeficiency virus 1, VSVG: vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein, gB: glycoprotein B, FAST: fusion-associated small transmembrane, TM: transmembrane, ER: endoplasmic reticulum, RBD: receptor-binding domain, FP: fusion peptide, 6-HB: 6-helical bundle, HR heptapeptide repeat, VOCs: variants of concern, WHO: world health organisation, COPI: coatomer complex I, TMPRSS2: Transmembrane Serine Protease 2, ADAM: disintegrin and metalloprotease, SADS-CoV: swine acute diarrhoea syndrome coronavirus, IFITMs: Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins, ZMPSTE24: Zinc metallopeptidase STE24, CH25H: Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase, MHV-68: Murine gammaherpesvirus-68, LY6E: Lymphocyte antigen 6E, Gal-3BP: Galectin-3binding protein, SERCA: sarcoendoplamic reticulum Ca 2+ ATPase, HCQ: hydroxychloroquine, CYP3As: cytochrome P450-3As, CHIKV: Chikungunya virus,..
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Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.
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