SARS-CoV-2 Syncytium under the Radar: Molecular Insights of the Spike-Induced Syncytia and Potential Strategies to Limit SARS-CoV-2 Replication
Hashim Ali, Asma Naseem, Zaheenul Islam Siddiqui
Journal of Clinical Medicine, doi:10.3390/jcm12186079
SARS-CoV-2 infection induces non-physiological syncytia when its spike fusogenic protein on the surface of the host cells interacts with the ACE2 receptor on adjacent cells. Spike-induced syncytia are beneficial for virus replication, transmission, and immune evasion, and contribute to the progression of COVID-19. In this review, we highlight the properties of viral fusion proteins, mainly the SARS-CoV-2 spike, and the involvement of the host factors in the fusion process. We also highlight the possible use of anti-fusogenic factors as an antiviral for the development of therapeutics against newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and how the fusogenic property of the spike could be exploited for biomedical applications.
Author Contributions: H.A.: writing-original draft preparation, and illustration of images; A.N. and Z.I.S.: review and manuscript editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research received no external funding.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Abbreviations COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019, SARS-CoV: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, MERS-CoV: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, ACE2: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, DPP4: transmembrane dipeptidyl peptidase 4, HA: hemagglutinin, gp41: glycoprotein 41, HIV-1: human immunodeficiency virus 1, VSVG: vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein, gB: glycoprotein B, FAST: fusion-associated small transmembrane, TM: transmembrane, ER: endoplasmic reticulum, RBD: receptor-binding domain, FP: fusion peptide, 6-HB: 6-helical bundle, HR heptapeptide repeat, VOCs: variants of concern, WHO: world health organisation, COPI: coatomer complex I, TMPRSS2: Transmembrane Serine Protease 2, ADAM: disintegrin and metalloprotease, SADS-CoV: swine acute diarrhoea syndrome coronavirus, IFITMs: Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins, ZMPSTE24: Zinc metallopeptidase STE24, CH25H: Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase, MHV-68: Murine gammaherpesvirus-68, LY6E: Lymphocyte antigen 6E, Gal-3BP: Galectin-3binding protein, SERCA: sarcoendoplamic reticulum Ca 2+ ATPase, HCQ: hydroxychloroquine, CYP3As: cytochrome P450-3As, CHIKV: Chikungunya virus,..
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