Abstract: Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 55 (2020) 105945 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijantimicag Aminoquinolines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine Zahra Sahraei a,b, Minoosh Shabani c,d, Shervin Shokouhi c,d, Ali Saffaei e,∗ a Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran c Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran d Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran e Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran b a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 26 February 2020 Accepted 9 March 2020 Keywords: COVID-19 Chloroquine Hydroxychloroquine Coronavirus Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), continues to spread rapidly across China. As of 7 March 2020, the infection was reported from 97 countries globally. To date, 103 882 patients have been confirmed to have COVID-19, of whom 3522 have died [1]. Recently, many trials have been designed to determine an effective therapeutic regimen for COVID-19. Of the target regimens, chloroquine therapy is being considered [2]. Several clinical trials in China have shown chloroquine phosphate, an aminoquinoline used in malaria treatment, to be effective against COVID-19 at a dose of 500 mg/day [3]. Chloroquine phosphate also played a promising role in the management of the Zika virus and SARS-CoV outbreaks. Chloroquine acts by increasing the pH of intracellular vacuoles and altering protein degradation pathways through acidic hydrolases in the lysosomes, macromolecule synthesis in the endosomes, and post-translational protein modification in the Golgi apparatus. In macrophages and other antigen-presenting cells, chloroquine interferes with antigen processing, thereby achieving an antirheumatic response [4]. Studies have demonstrated that chloroquine also confers its considerable broad-spectrum antiviral ∗ Corresponding author. Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Niyayesh Highway, Valiasr St, Tehran, 1991953381, Iran. E-mail addresses: zahra.sahraei@yahoo.com (Z. Sahraei), meinoosh53@yahoo.com (M...