Aminoquinolines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine
Sahraei et al.,
Aminoquinolines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine,
Int. J. Antimicrobial Agents, April 2020, 55:4, doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105945 (Review)
Discussion of mechanisms of action, CQ vs. HCQ, early studies, safety.
Sahraei et al., 17 Mar 2020, peer-reviewed, 4 authors.
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International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 55 (2020) 105945
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Aminoquinolines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19):
chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine
Zahra Sahraei a,b, Minoosh Shabani c,d, Shervin Shokouhi c,d, Ali Saffaei e,∗
a
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
c
Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
d
Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
e
Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
b
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 26 February 2020
Accepted 9 March 2020
Keywords:
COVID-19
Chloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine
Coronavirus
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), continues to
spread rapidly across China. As of 7 March 2020, the infection
was reported from 97 countries globally. To date, 103 882 patients
have been confirmed to have COVID-19, of whom 3522 have died
[1]. Recently, many trials have been designed to determine an effective therapeutic regimen for COVID-19. Of the target regimens,
chloroquine therapy is being considered [2]. Several clinical trials
in China have shown chloroquine phosphate, an aminoquinoline
used in malaria treatment, to be effective against COVID-19 at
a dose of 500 mg/day [3]. Chloroquine phosphate also played a
promising role in the management of the Zika virus and SARS-CoV
outbreaks. Chloroquine acts by increasing the pH of intracellular
vacuoles and altering protein degradation pathways through acidic
hydrolases in the lysosomes, macromolecule synthesis in the endosomes, and post-translational protein modification in the Golgi
apparatus. In macrophages and other antigen-presenting cells,
chloroquine interferes with antigen processing, thereby achieving
an antirheumatic response [4]. Studies have demonstrated that
chloroquine also confers its considerable broad-spectrum antiviral
∗
Corresponding author. Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical
Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences,
Niyayesh Highway, Valiasr St, Tehran, 1991953381, Iran.
E-mail
addresses:
zahra.sahraei@yahoo.com
(Z.
Sahraei),
meinoosh53@yahoo.com (M...
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