All Studies Meta Analysis

Chloroquine phosphate: therapeutic drug for COVID-19

Mo et al., Journal of Southern Medical University, doi:10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.04.22

Apr 2020

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HCQ for COVID-19

1st treatment shown to reduce risk in March 2020, now with p < 0.00000000001 from 419 studies, recognized in 46 countries.

Lower risk for mortality, hospitalization, progression, recovery, cases, and viral clearance.

No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments.

5,200+ studies for 112 treatments. c19hcq.org

Review of chloroquine phosphate in the treatment of COVID-19. Authors summarize the antiviral potential of chloroquine phosphate, emphasizing its inclusion in China's diagnostic and treatment guidelines for COVID-19. The drug has shown antiviral effects both in vitro and in preliminary clinical trials, with evidence suggesting efficacy in reducing disease progression, improving lung imaging, and promoting viral clearance compared to lopinavir/ritonavir. Chloroquine's mechanism includes altering lysosomal pH to inhibit viral entry and replication and modifying ACE2 glycosylation to disrupt viral-host cell binding. Authors note that chloroquine has a narrow therapeutic window and significant pharmacokinetic variability which raises concerns about toxicity and highlights the need for close monitoring and tailored dosing to minimize adverse effects while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.

Reviews covering hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 include1-27.

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1. Xie et al., The role of reactive oxygen species in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) infection-induced cell death, Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters, doi:10.1186/s11658-024-00659-6.biomedcentral.com, doi.org.

2. Gkioulekas et al., Use of hydroxychloroquine in multidrug protocols for SARS-CoV-2, Tasman Medical Journal, 6:4, tasmanmedicaljournal.com/2024/10/use-of-hydroxychloroquine-in-multidrug-protocols-for-sars-cov-2a/.tasmanmedicaljournal.com.

3. Gortler et al., Those Published “17,000 Hydroxychloroquine Deaths” Never Happened, Brownstone Journal, brownstone.org/articles/those-published-17000-hydroxychloroquine-deaths-never-happened/.brownstone.org.

4. Boretti et al., Correct Use of HCQ Did Not Cause Extra Fatalities in COVID-19 Infection, Coronaviruses, doi:10.2174/0126667975327612240902104505.eurekaselect.com, doi.org.

5. Gortler (B) et al., Trump’s 63 Million Doses of Hydroxychloroquine Could Have Been Great for America, Brownstone Journal, brownstone.org/articles/trumps-63-million-doses-of-hydroxychloroquine-could-have-been-great-for-america/.brownstone.org.

6. Enyeji et al., Effective Treatment of COVID-19 Infection with Repurposed Drugs: Case Reports, Viral Immunology, doi:10.1089/vim.2024.0034.liebertpub.com, doi.org.

7. Asaba et al., Interplay of TLR4 and SARS-CoV-2: Unveiling the Complex Mechanisms of Inflammation and Severity in COVID-19 Infections, Journal of Inflammation Research, doi:10.2147/jir.s474707.dovepress.com, doi.org.

8. Scheim et al., Back to the Basics of SARS-CoV-2 Biochemistry: Microvascular Occlusive Glycan Bindings Govern Its Morbidities and Inform Therapeutic Responses, Viruses, doi:10.3390/v16040647.mdpi.com, doi.org.

9. Ali et al., SARS-CoV-2 Syncytium under the Radar: Molecular Insights of the Spike-Induced Syncytia and Potential Strategies to Limit SARS-CoV-2 Replication, Journal of Clinical Medicine, doi:10.3390/jcm12186079.mdpi.com, doi.org.

10. Brouqui et al., There is no such thing as a Ministry of Truth and why it is important to challenge conventional “wisdom” - A personal view, New Microbes and New Infections, doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2023.101155.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

11. Loo et al., Recent Advances in Inhaled Nanoformulations of Vaccines and Therapeutics Targeting Respiratory Viral Infections, Pharmaceutical Research, doi:10.1007/s11095-023-03520-1.springer.com, doi.org.

12. Boretti (B), A., Pharmacotherapy for Covid-19 infection in the countries of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States, Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, doi:10.1016/j.jtumed.2021.08.005.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

13. Vigbedor et al., Review of four major biomolecular target sites for COVID-19 and possible inhibitors as treatment interventions, Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, doi:10.7324/JAPS.2021.110825.japsonline.com, doi.org.

14. Kaur et al., Folic acid as placebo in controlled clinical trials of hydroxychloroquine prophylaxis in COVID-19: Is it scientifically justifiable?, Medical Hypotheses, doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110539.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

15. Matada et al., A comprehensive review on the biological interest of quinoline and its derivatives, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115973.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

16. IHU, Natural history and therapeutic options for COVID-19, Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, www.mediterranee-infection.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/ERM-2020-0073.R1_Proof_hi.pdf.mediterranee-infection.com.

17. Hecel et al., Zinc(II)—The Overlooked Éminence Grise of Chloroquine’s Fight against COVID-19?, Pharmaceuticals, 13:9, 228, doi:10.3390/ph13090228.mdpi.com, doi.org.

18. Li et al., Is hydroxychloroquine beneficial for COVID-19 patients?, Cell Death & Disease volume 11, doi:10.1038/s41419-020-2721-8.nature.com, doi.org.

19. Goldstein, L., Hydroxychloroquine-based COVID-19 Treatment, A Systematic Review of Clinical Evidence and Expert Opinion from Physicians’ Surveys, Preprint, July 7, 2020, wattsupwiththat.com/2020/07/07/hydroxychloroquine-based-covid-19-treatment-a-systematic-review-of-clinical-evidence-and-expert-opinion-from-physicians-surveys/.wattsupwiththat.com.

20. Roussel et al., Influence of conflicts of interest on public positions in the COVID-19 era, the case of Gilead Sciences, New Microbes and New Infections, Volume 38 , doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100710.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

21. Mo et al., Chloroquine phosphate: therapeutic drug for COVID-19, Journal of Southern Medical University, doi:10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.04.22.j-smu.com, doi.org.

22. Gao et al., Update on Use of Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine to Treat Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), Biosci Trends, May 21, 2020, 14:2, 156-158, doi:10.5582/bst.2020.03072.go.jp, doi.org.

23. Derwand et al., Does zinc supplementation enhance the clinical efficacy of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine to win today's battle against COVID-19?, Medical Hypotheses, doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109815.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

24. Sahraei et al., Aminoquinolines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine, International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, April 2020, 55:4, doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105945.europepmc.org, doi.org.

25. Todaro et al., An Effective Treatment for Coronavirus (COVID-19), github.com/covidtrial/info/raw/master/An%20Effective%20Treatment%20for%20Coronavirus%20(COVID-19).pdf.github.com.

26. Colson et al., Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine as Available Weapons to Fight COVID-19, Int J. Antimicrob Agents, doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105932. Epub 2020 Mar 4., www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7135139/.nih.gov.

27. Al-Bari, M., Targeting endosomal acidification by chloroquine analogs as a promising strategy for the treatment of emerging viral diseases, Pharmacology Research & Perspectives, doi:10.1002/prp2.293.wiley.com, doi.org.

Mo et al., 22 Apr 2020, peer-reviewed, 2 authors.

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