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Effective Treatment of COVID-19 Infection with Repurposed Drugs: Case Reports

Enyeji et al., Viral Immunology, doi:10.1089/vim.2024.0034

Aug 2024

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HCQ for COVID-19

1st treatment shown to reduce risk in March 2020

^*, now with p < 0.00000000001 from 415 studies, recognized in 46 countries.

Lower risk for mortality, hospitalization, progression, recovery, cases, and viral clearance.

No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments. ^* >10% efficacy, ≥3 studies.

4,700+ studies for 94 treatments. c19hcq.org

Review of the successful treatment of COVID-19 using existing medications including HCQ, AZ, ivermectin, famotidine, monoclonal antibodies, and others. Authors note that the typical treatment of severe viral infections with multiple therapeutic agents has generally not been done in COVID-19 clinical trials, that different mechanisms of action from multiple treatments can minimize the emergence of drug-resistant SARS-CoV-2 strains, and that early treatment disrupts viral replication, avoids progression to cytokine storm, and is critical to avoid long-term complications.

Reviews covering hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 include1-20.

Important missing comments or errors? Let us know.

Review covers ivermectin, HCQ, famotidine, bebtelovimab, tixagevimab/cilgavimab, and sotrovimab.

1. Gortler et al., Trump’s 63 Million Doses of Hydroxychloroquine Could Have Been Great for America, Brownstone Journal, brownstone.org/articles/trumps-63-million-doses-of-hydroxychloroquine-could-have-been-great-for-america/.brownstone.org.

2. Enyeji et al., Effective Treatment of COVID-19 Infection with Repurposed Drugs: Case Reports, Viral Immunology, doi:10.1089/vim.2024.0034.liebertpub.com, doi.org.

3. Asaba et al., Interplay of TLR4 and SARS-CoV-2: Unveiling the Complex Mechanisms of Inflammation and Severity in COVID-19 Infections, Journal of Inflammation Research, doi:10.2147/jir.s474707.dovepress.com, doi.org.

4. Scheim et al., Back to the Basics of SARS-CoV-2 Biochemistry: Microvascular Occlusive Glycan Bindings Govern Its Morbidities and Inform Therapeutic Responses, Viruses, doi:10.3390/v16040647.mdpi.com, doi.org.

5. Brouqui et al., There is no such thing as a Ministry of Truth and why it is important to challenge conventional “wisdom” - A personal view, New Microbes and New Infections, doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2023.101155.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

6. Loo et al., Recent Advances in Inhaled Nanoformulations of Vaccines and Therapeutics Targeting Respiratory Viral Infections, Pharmaceutical Research, doi:10.1007/s11095-023-03520-1.springer.com, doi.org.

7. Vigbedor et al., Review of four major biomolecular target sites for COVID-19 and possible inhibitors as treatment interventions, Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, doi:10.7324/JAPS.2021.110825.japsonline.com, doi.org.

8. Kaur et al., Folic acid as placebo in controlled clinical trials of hydroxychloroquine prophylaxis in COVID-19: Is it scientifically justifiable?, Medical Hypotheses, doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110539.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

9. Matada et al., A comprehensive review on the biological interest of quinoline and its derivatives, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115973.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

10. IHU, Natural history and therapeutic options for COVID-19, Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, www.mediterranee-infection.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/ERM-2020-0073.R1_Proof_hi.pdf.mediterranee-infection.com.

11. Hecel et al., Zinc(II)—The Overlooked Éminence Grise of Chloroquine’s Fight against COVID-19?, Pharmaceuticals, 13:9, 228, doi:10.3390/ph13090228.mdpi.com, doi.org.

12. Li et al., Is hydroxychloroquine beneficial for COVID-19 patients?, Cell Death & Disease volume 11, doi:10.1038/s41419-020-2721-8.nature.com, doi.org.

13. Goldstein, L., Hydroxychloroquine-based COVID-19 Treatment, A Systematic Review of Clinical Evidence and Expert Opinion from Physicians’ Surveys, Preprint, July 7, 2020, wattsupwiththat.com/2020/07/07/hydroxychloroquine-based-covid-19-treatment-a-systematic-review-of-clinical-evidence-and-expert-opinion-from-physicians-surveys/.wattsupwiththat.com.

14. Roussel et al., Influence of conflicts of interest on public positions in the COVID-19 era, the case of Gilead Sciences, New Microbes and New Infections, Volume 38 , doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100710.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

15. Gao et al., Update on Use of Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine to Treat Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), Biosci Trends, May 21, 2020, 14:2, 156-158, doi:10.5582/bst.2020.03072.go.jp, doi.org.

16. Derwand et al., Does zinc supplementation enhance the clinical efficacy of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine to win today's battle against COVID-19?, Medical Hypotheses, doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109815.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

17. Sahraei et al., Aminoquinolines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine, International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, April 2020, 55:4, doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105945.europepmc.org, doi.org.

18. Todaro et al., An Effective Treatment for Coronavirus (COVID-19), github.com/covidtrial/info/raw/master/An%20Effective%20Treatment%20for%20Coronavirus%20(COVID-19).pdf.github.com.

19. Colson et al., Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine as Available Weapons to Fight COVID-19, Int J. Antimicrob Agents, doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105932. Epub 2020 Mar 4., www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7135139/.nih.gov.

20. Al-Bari, M., Targeting endosomal acidification by chloroquine analogs as a promising strategy for the treatment of emerging viral diseases, Pharmacology Research & Perspectives, doi:10.1002/prp2.293.wiley.com, doi.org.

Enyeji et al., 5 Aug 2024, peer-reviewed, 3 authors.

This Paper HCQ All

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Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.

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