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All Studies   Meta Analysis   Recent:  
Mortality outcomes with hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine in COVID-19 from an international collaborative meta-analysis of randomized trials
Axfors et al., Nature, doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22446-z (meta analysis)
Axfors et al., Mortality outcomes with hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine in COVID-19 from an international collaborative.., Nature, doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22446-z (meta analysis)
Sep 2020   Source   PDF  
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Meta analysis assigning 89% weight to the RECOVERY and SOLIDARITY trials, producing the same result. These trials used excessively high non-patient-customized dosage in very sick late stage patients, results are not generalizable to typical dosage or earlier treatment. For CQ, 97% weight is assigned to Borba et al., a study that does not have a control group (the study compares two different dosages of CQ). Of the 29 early treatment trials (including 6 RCTs), authors included the results of only one where they include a non-hospitalized death.
Currently there are 36 HCQ early treatment studies and meta analysis shows:
OutcomeImprovement
Mortality72% lower [57‑81%]
Ventilation67% lower [-710‑99%]
ICU admission28% lower [-17‑55%]
Hospitalization41% lower [28‑52%]
Axfors et al., 18 Sep 2020, peer-reviewed, 97 authors.
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Abstract: ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22446-z OPEN 1234567890():,; Mortality outcomes with hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine in COVID-19 from an international collaborative meta-analysis of randomized trials Substantial COVID-19 research investment has been allocated to randomized clinical trials (RCTs) on hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine, which currently face recruitment challenges or early discontinuation. We aim to estimate the effects of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine on survival in COVID-19 from all currently available RCT evidence, published and unpublished. We present a rapid meta-analysis of ongoing, completed, or discontinued RCTs on hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine treatment for any COVID-19 patients (protocol: https:// osf.io/QESV4/). We systematically identified unpublished RCTs (ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, Cochrane COVID-registry up to June 11, 2020), and published RCTs (PubMed, medRxiv and bioRxiv up to October 16, 2020). All-cause mortality has been extracted (publications/preprints) or requested from investigators and combined in random-effects meta-analyses, calculating odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), separately for hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine. Prespecified subgroup analyses include patient setting, diagnostic confirmation, control type, and publication status. Sixty-three trials were potentially eligible. We included 14 unpublished trials (1308 patients) and 14 publications/preprints (9011 patients). Results for hydroxychloroquine are dominated by RECOVERY and WHO SOLIDARITY, two highly pragmatic trials, which employed relatively high doses and included 4716 and 1853 patients, respectively (67% of the total sample size). The combined OR on all-cause mortality for hydroxychloroquine is 1.11 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.20; I² = 0%; 26 trials; 10,012 patients) and for chloroquine 1.77 (95%CI: 0.15, 21.13, I² = 0%; 4 trials; 307 patients). We identified no subgroup effects. We found that treatment with hydroxychloroquine is associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients, and there is no benefit of chloroquine. Findings have unclear generalizability to outpatients, children, pregnant women, and people with comorbidities. A full list of authors and their affiliations appears at the end of the paper. NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2021)12:2349 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22446-z | www.nature.com/naturecommunications 1 ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22446-z C oronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has the potential of progression into respiratory failure and death1. More than 1,500,000 persons with COVID-19 globally have died by December 20202, and treatment options are limited3. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a hitherto unprecedented search for possible therapies, with almost 700 clinical trials initiated in the first quarter of 2020—and one in five of these trials target hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) or chloroquine (CQ)4. This remarkable attention was primarily due to in vitro data5, immunomodulatory capacities6, and the oral formulation and well-documented safety profiles. In March 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an Emergency Use Authorization of HCQ7 and the number of prescriptions and usage outside clinical studies skyrocketed8. In many countries, HCQ or CQ were listed in treatment guidelines for COVID-19 (including,..
Late treatment
is less effective
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. Vaccines and treatments are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment, vaccine, or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.
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