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Hydroxychloroquine for treatment of non-hospitalized adults with COVID-19: A meta-analysis of individual participant data of randomized trials

Mitjà et al., Clinical and Translational Science, doi:10.1111/cts.13468, NCT04304053

Jan 2023

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HCQ for COVID-19

1st treatment shown to reduce risk in March 2020

^*, now known with p < 0.00000000001 from 422 studies, recognized in 42 countries.

Lower risk for mortality, hospitalization, recovery, cases, and viral clearance.

No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine complementary and synergistic treatments. ^* >10% efficacy in meta analysis with ≥3 clinical studies.

4,000+ studies for 60+ treatments. c19hcq.org

Extremely high COI (includes authors of trials playing a key role in the suppression of treatment, and funded by the Gates Foundation) IPD meta analysis of 11 HCQ outpatient treatment and prophylaxis trials, showing significantly improved viral clearance for treatment <4 days. This result is hidden in the supplementary material, and authors combine late treatment patients to generate a null result overall. Less than 20% of patients included had symptoms <4 days.

Hospitalization results for <4 days are not currently available, only combined results showing no significant difference. Early treatment hospitalization is the most important outcome analyzed in this study. We are unaware of a reason to leave these results out, other than to hide the efficacy of early treatment. For all current trials, early treatment shows 41% [28‑51%] lower hospitalization vs. 2% [-11‑17%] higher hospitalization for late treatment.

No individual study outcome results are provided, preventing error checking.

Authors state that "Individual data from participants who received HCQ combined with other drugs were excluded from the analysis", however this appears to have been selectively enforced - authors include patients treated with HCQ+azithromycin.

Authors indicate excluding 89 patients treated with darunavir for NCT04304053 (history), however the relevant paper Mitjà does not show any patients receiving darunavir.

Authors state that "most [patients] were greater than or equal to 3 days from symptom onset (50–54%)", which appears to be incorrect in two ways. Table 2 shows that the cutoff was ≤3 and >3, i.e. ≥4 assuming only integer delays, and the percentages in the late treatment group range from 80-86% (of the patients where the delay is known).

7 meta analyses show significant improvements with hydroxychloroquine for mortality Landsteiner de Sampaio Amêndola, Risch, Risch (B), Stricker, hospitalization Landsteiner de Sampaio Amêndola, recovery Prodromos, combined death/hospitalization/cases Ladapo, and cases García-Albéniz.

Currently there are 39 HCQ for COVID-19 early treatment studies, showing 76% lower mortality [61‑85%], 67% lower ventilation [-710‑99%], 31% lower ICU admission [1‑53%], and 41% lower hospitalization [28‑51%].

1. García-Albéniz et al., Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials of hydroxychloroquine for the prevention of COVID-19, European Journal of Epidemiology, doi:10.1007/s10654-022-00891-4.springer.com, doi.org.

2. Ladapo et al., Randomized Controlled Trials of Early Ambulatory Hydroxychloroquine in the Prevention of COVID-19 Infection, Hospitalization, and Death: Meta-Analysis, medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.09.30.20204693.medrxiv.org, doi.org.

3. Landsteiner de Sampaio Amêndola et al., COVID-19 Infection in Rheumatic Patients on Chronic Antimalarial Drugs: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Journal of Clinical Medicine, doi:10.3390/jcm11226865.mdpi.com, doi.org.

4. Mitjà et al., Hydroxychloroquine for Early Treatment of Adults with Mild Covid-19: A Randomized-Controlled Trial, Clinical Infectious Diseases, ciaa1009, doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa1009.oup.com, doi.org.

5. Prodromos et al., Hydroxychloroquine is effective, and consistently so used early, for Covid-19: A systematic review, New Microbes and New Infections, doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100776.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

6. Risch, H., Early Outpatient Treatment of Symptomatic, High-Risk Covid-19 Patients that Should be Ramped-Up Immediately as Key to the Pandemic Crisis, American Journal of Epidemiology, kwaa093, 27 May 2020, doi:10.1093/aje/kwaa093.oup.com, doi.org.

7. Risch (B), H., Response to: “Early Outpatient Treatment of Symptomatic, High-Risk Covid-19 Patients” and “Re: Early Outpatient Treatment of Symptomatic, High-Risk Covid-19 Patients that Should be Ramped-Up Immediately as Key to the Pandemic Crisis”, American Journal of Epidemiology, July 20, 2020, doi:10.1093/aje/kwaa152.oup.com, doi.org.

8. Stricker et al., Hydroxychloroquine Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for COVID-19 in Healthcare Workers from India: A Meta-Analysis, Journal of Infection and Public Health, doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2021.08.001.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

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risk of no viral clearance, 32.7% lower, RR 0.67, p = 0.02, treatment 28 of 55 (50.9%), control 31 of 41 (75.6%), NNT 4.0, <4 days symptoms, day 7, Table S8.

risk of no viral clearance, 24.1% lower, RR 0.76, p = 0.07, treatment 20 of 30 (66.7%), control 29 of 33 (87.9%), NNT 4.7, <4 days symptoms, day 3, Table S8.

risk of no viral clearance, 30.4% lower, RR 0.70, p = 0.02, treatment 26 of 47 (55.3%), control 31 of 39 (79.5%), NNT 4.1, <4 days symptoms, baseline positive, day 7, Table S9.

risk of no viral clearance, 12.5% lower, RR 0.87, p = 0.22, treatment 18 of 22 (81.8%), control 29 of 31 (93.5%), NNT 8.5, <4 days symptoms, baseline positive, day 3, Table S9.

risk of no viral clearance, 6.8% lower, RR 0.93, p = 0.24, treatment 292 of 587 (49.7%), control 252 of 472 (53.4%), NNT 27, including late treatment, day 7, Table S8.

risk of no viral clearance, 4.3% lower, RR 0.96, p = 0.30, treatment 345 of 498 (69.3%), control 378 of 522 (72.4%), NNT 32, including late treatment, day 3, Table S8.

risk of no viral clearance, 6.4% lower, RR 0.94, p = 0.27, treatment 283 of 532 (53.2%), control 250 of 440 (56.8%), NNT 28, including late treatment, baseline positive, day 7, Table S9.

risk of no viral clearance, 0.7% lower, RR 0.99, p = 0.88, treatment 334 of 440 (75.9%), control 374 of 489 (76.5%), NNT 174, including late treatment, baseline positive, day 3, Table S9.

Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates

Mitjà et al., 4 Jan 2023, peer-reviewed, 27 authors, trial NCT04304053 (history). Contact: omitja@lluita.org.

This Paper HCQ All

Abstract: DOI: 10.1111/cts.13468 | Revised: 18 November 2022 | Accepted: 22 November 2022 ARTICLE Hydroxychloroquine for treatment of non-hospitalized adults with COVID-19: A meta-analysis of individual participant data of randomized trials Oriol Mitjà1,2,3 | Gilmar Reis4,5 | David R. Boulware6 | Adam M. Spivak7 | Ammar Sarwar8 | Christine Johnston9 | Brandon Webb10 | Michael D. Hill11 | Davey Smith12 | Peter Kremsner13,14 | Marla Curran15 | David Carter16 | Jim Alexander15 | Marc Corbacho1 | Todd C. Lee6 | Katherine Huppler Hullsiek6 Emily G. McDonald17 | Rachel Hess7 | Michael Hughes8 | Jared M. Baeten9 | Ilan Schwartz18 | Luanne Metz11 | Lawrence Richer18 | Kara W. Chew19 | Eric Daar20 | David Wohl21 | Michael Dunne15 | 1 Fight AIDS and Infectious Diseases Foundation, Barcelona, Spain 2 Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain 3 Lihir Medical Center–International SOS, Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea 4 Research Division, Cardresearch Cardiologia Assistencial e de Pesquisa, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Bello Horizonte, Brazil 5 Cytel Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada 6 Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA 7 University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA 8 Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA 9 Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA 10 Intermountain Health Care, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA 11 University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada 12 Division of Infectious Diseases & Global Public Health, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA 13 University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany 14 Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon 15 Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA 16 MMS Holdings, Canton, Michigan, USA 17 Division of General Internal Medicine, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada 18 University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada 19 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA 20 Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA 21 School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Correspondence Oriol Mitjà, Fight AIDS and Infectious Diseases Foundation, Barcelona, Spain, Ctra. de Canyet s/n • Hosp. Univ. Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain. Email: omitja@lluita.org This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. © 2023 The Authors. Clinical and Translational Science published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Clin Transl Sci. 2023;00:1–12. www.cts-journal.com | 1 17528062, 0,

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