Abstract: Journal of Infection and Public Health 14 (2021) 365–370 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Infection and Public Health journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jiph Comparing ICU admission rates of mild/moderate COVID-19 patients treated with hydroxychloroquine, favipiravir, and hydroxychloroquine plus favipiravir Rahmet Guner a , Imran Hasanoglu a,∗ , Bircan Kayaaslan a , Adalet Aypak b , Esragul Akinci c , Hurrem Bodur c , Fatma Eser a , Ayse Kaya Kalem a , Orhan Kucuksahin d , Ihsan Ates e , Aliye Bastug c , Yasemin Tezer Tekce b , Zeynep Bilgic b , Fahriye Melis Gursoy b , Hatice Nisa Akca b , Seval Izdes f , Deniz Erdem g , Emra Asfuroglu e , Habibe Hezer h , Hatice Kilic i , Musa Cıvak e , Sibel Aydogan j , Turan Buzgan a a Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey c Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey d Department of Rheumatology, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey e Department of Internal Medicine, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey f Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey g Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey h Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey i Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey j Department of Virology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey b a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 11 November 2020 Received in revised form 10 December 2020 Accepted 15 December 2020 Keywords: COVID-19 Treatment Favipiravir Hydroxychloroquine ICU a b s t r a c t Background: In this study, we aimed to compare the intensive care unit (ICU) admission rate of hospitalized mild/moderate COVID-19 patients treated with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), favipiravir, and HCQ plus favipiravir. Methods: Single center retrospective designed observational study conducted in Ankara City Hospital. Patients who were hospitalized between March 15, 2020 and June 1, 2020 in COVID-19 inpatient clinics with laboratory confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 were included in the study. An inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) for multiple treatment groups approach was used to balance the differences in several variables on admission. Results: Among 2441 patients hospitalized with diagnosis of COVID-19 during the study period, 824 were eligible for the analysis. Median age of patients was 42 (18−93 years). Among all, 347 (43.2%) of the patients had mild disease, 470 (56.8%) had pneumonia. Propensity scores ranged from 0.1841 to 0.9381 in the HCQ group, from 0.03643 to 0.29885 in the favipiravir group, and from 0.03542 to 0.56184 in the HCQ plus favipiravir group. After IPTW for multiple treatment groups was applied, all the covariates in the planned propensity score had weighted standardized effect sizes below 10% which were ranged from 0.005 to 0.092. Multivariate analysis of treatment effect (adjusted effect of treatment) was indicated that there is no statistically significant difference between HCQ, favipiravir, and HCQ plus favipiravir treatment. After using combination of SMOTE..