Abstract: viruses Article Recent Hydroxychloroquine Use Is Not Significantly Associated with Positive PCR Results for SARS-CoV-2: A Nationwide Observational Study in South Korea Seongman Bae 1,† , Byeongzu Ghang 2,† , Ye-Jee Kim 3 , Joon Seo Lim 4 , Sung-Cheol Yun 3 , Yong-Gil Kim 5 , Sang-Oh Lee 1 and Sung-Han Kim 1, * 1 2 3 4 5 *



 Citation: Bae, S.; Ghang, B.; Kim, Y.-J.; Lim, J.S.; Yun, S.-C.; Kim, Y.-G.; Lee, S.-O.; Kim, S.-H. Recent Hydroxychloroquine Use Is Not Significantly Associated with Positive PCR Results for SARS-CoV-2: A Nationwide Observational Study in South Korea. Viruses 2021, 13, 329. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13020329 Academic Editor: Kenneth Lundstrom Received: 26 January 2021 Accepted: 15 February 2021 Published: 20 February 2021 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- † Asan Medical Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; songman.b@gmail.com (S.B.); soleemd@amc.seoul.kr (S.-O.L.) Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju 63241, Korea; indream81@naver.com Asan Medical Center, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; kimyejee@amc.seoul.kr (Y.-J.K.); ysch97@amc.seoul.kr (S.-C.Y.) Clinical Research Center, Asan Medical Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; joonseolim@gmail.com Asan Medical Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; bestmd2000@amc.seoul.kr Correspondence: kimsunghanmd@hotmail.com or shkimmd@amc.seoul.kr; Tel.: +82-2-3010-3305; Fax: +82-2-3010-6970 These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Background: To evaluate the role of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) as pre-exposure prophylaxis against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), we investigated the prevalence of positive test results for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) testing according to recent HCQ use in patients who had been tested using nationwide health-insurance data of South Korea. Methods: All adults tested for SARS-CoV-2 from 20 January 2020 to 15 May 2020 were identified. HCQ users were defined as patients who had been pretreated with HCQ for at least 30 days until the date of SARS-CoV-2 testing. The prevalence of positive PCR results for SARS-CoV-2 was compared between HCQ users and nonusers. Results: Of a total of 216,686 individuals who had been tested for SARS-CoV-2, 743 (0.3%) were pretreated with HCQ. The prevalence of positive results was not significantly different between HCQ users (2.2%) and nonusers (2.7%; P = 0.35), with an odds ratio of 0.79 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.48–1.30). Propensity score-matched-cohort analysis showed similar results in terms of the prevalence of positive results (2.2% in HCQ users vs. 3.1% in nonusers; P = 0.18), with an odds ratio of 0.69 (95% CI, 0.40–1.19). The rate of positive PCR was not significantly different in long-term HCQ users (more than 3 or 6 months) compared with nonusers. Conclusions: In this population-based study, recent exposure to HCQ was not significantly associated with a lower risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our data do not support the use of HCQ as pre-exposure..