Analgesics
Antiandrogens
Antihistamines
Azvudine
Bromhexine
Budesonide
Colchicine
Conv. Plasma
Curcumin
Famotidine
Favipiravir
Fluvoxamine
Hydroxychlor..
Ivermectin
Lifestyle
Melatonin
Metformin
Minerals
Molnupiravir
Monoclonals
Naso/orophar..
Nigella Sativa
Nitazoxanide
PPIs
Paxlovid
Quercetin
Remdesivir
Thermotherapy
Vitamins
More

Other
Feedback
Home
 
next
study
previous
study
c19hcq.org COVID-19 treatment researchHCQHCQ (more..)
Melatonin Meta
Metformin Meta
Antihistamines Meta
Azvudine Meta Molnupiravir Meta
Bromhexine Meta
Budesonide Meta
Colchicine Meta Nigella Sativa Meta
Conv. Plasma Meta Nitazoxanide Meta
Curcumin Meta PPIs Meta
Famotidine Meta Paxlovid Meta
Favipiravir Meta Quercetin Meta
Fluvoxamine Meta Remdesivir Meta
Hydroxychlor.. Meta Thermotherapy Meta
Ivermectin Meta

All Studies   Meta Analysis       

Impact of common comorbidities on antimicrobial consumption and mortality amongst critically ill COVID-19 patients: A retrospective two center study in Saudi Arabia

AlQadheeb et al., Clinical Infection in Practice, doi:10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229
May 2023  
  Post
  Facebook
Share
  Source   PDF   All Studies   Meta AnalysisMeta
Mortality 35% Improvement Relative Risk HCQ for COVID-19  AlQadheeb et al.  ICU PATIENTS Is very late treatment with HCQ beneficial for COVID-19? Retrospective 848 patients in Saudi Arabia (March 2020 - August 2021) Lower mortality with HCQ (p=0.00011) c19hcq.org AlQadheeb et al., Clinical Infection i.., May 2023 FavorsHCQ Favorscontrol 0 0.5 1 1.5 2+
HCQ for COVID-19
1st treatment shown to reduce risk in March 2020, now with p < 0.00000000001 from 419 studies, recognized in 46 countries.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments.
5,100+ studies for 112 treatments. c19hcq.org
Retrospective 848 ICU patients in Saudi Arabia, showing lower mortality with HCQ in unadjusted results.
risk of death, 34.8% lower, RR 0.65, p < 0.001, treatment 37 of 92 (40.2%), control 466 of 756 (61.6%), NNT 4.7.
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates
AlQadheeb et al., 10 May 2023, retrospective, Saudi Arabia, peer-reviewed, mean age 55.8, 9 authors, study period March 2020 - August 2021. Contact: nada.qadheeb@kfsh.med.sa, nalqadheeb@moh.gov.sa.
This PaperHCQAll
Impact of common comorbidities on antimicrobial consumption and mortality amongst critically ill COVID-19 patients: A retrospective two center study in Saudi Arabia
Nada Alqadheeb, Hanine Almubayedh, Sarah Albadrani, Abdul Salam, Mukhtar Alomar, Ahmed Alaswad, Mohammed Almualim, Zahra Alqamariat, Rasheed Alhubail
Clinical Infection in Practice, doi:10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229
To determine the association between common comorbidities, ICU mortality and antimicrobial consumption among critically ill COVID 19 patients in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A retrospective observational study of patients admitted to the ICU from March 1st, 2020, through August 31st, 2021. We excluded patients who stayed <24 h in the ICU and with no confirmed COVID-19 PCR testing. Results: Of the 976 screened ICU patients, 848 were included. While there was no difference in mortality between patients with and without comorbidities, those with at least one comorbidity had a higher severity of illness (p = 0.013). Compared to survivors, non-survivors were more likely to require mechanical ventilation and vasopressor support (P < 0.001). Almost all patients received at least one antimicrobial therapy. Predictors independently associated with ICU mortality were: older age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.04), vancomycin use (AOR, 2.69; 95% [CI], 1.65-4.37), linezolid use (AOR, 2.65; 95% [CI], 1.65-4.04), sepsis or septic shock (AOR, 6.39; 95% [CI], 3.68-11.08), Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) (AOR, 2.51; 95% [CI], 1.61-3.92) and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) (AOR, 2.03; 95% [CI], 1.61-3.92). Conclusion: Older age, vancomycin and linezolid use, sepsis/septic shock, AKI, and ARDS were negative prognostic factors in critically ill COVID-19 patients. More studies are needed to evaluate the outcomes of survived critically ill patients in relation to their vaccination status.
Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
References
Abohamr, Abazid, Aldossari, Amer, Badhawi et al., Clinical characteristics and in-hospital mortality of COVID-19 adult patients in Saudi Arabia, Saudi Med. J, doi:10.15537/smj.2020.11.25495
Al-Omari, Alhuqbani, Zaidi, Al-Subaie, Alhindi et al., Clinical characteristics of non-intensive care unit COVID-19 patients in Saudi Arabia: a descriptive cross-sectional study, J. Infect Public Health, doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2020.09.003
Al-Otaiby, Almutairi, Vinluan, Al Seraihi, Alonazi et al., Demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and length of stay of COVID-19 patients admitted into intensive care units, doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.893954
Al-Zahrani, SARS-CoV-2 associated COVID-19 in geriatric population: a brief narrative review, Saudi J. Biol. Sci, doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.11.001
Alali, Alshehri, Assiri, Khan, Alkathiri et al., Demographics, comorbidities, and outcomes among young and middle-aged COVID-19 patients in Saudi Arabia, Saudi Pharm. J, doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2021.06.005
Alamer, Alrashed, Alfaifi, Alosaimi, Alhassar et al., Effectiveness and safety of favipiravir compared to supportive care in moderately to critically ill COVID-19 patients: a retrospective study with propensity score matching sensitivity analysis, Curr. Med. Res. Opin, doi:10.1080/03007995.2021.1920900
Andreani, Le Bideau, Duflot, Jardot, Rolland et al., In vitro testing of combined hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin on SARS-CoV-2 shows synergistic effect, Microb. Pathog, doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104228
Armstrong, Kane, Kursumovic, Oglesby, Cook, Outcomes from intensive care in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and metaanalysis of observational studies, Anaesthesia, doi:10.1111/anae.15201
Butler, Dorward, Yu, Gbinigie, Hayward et al., Azithromycin for community treatment of suspected COVID-19 in people at increased risk of an adverse clinical course in the UK (PRINCIPLE): a randomised, controlled, open-label, adaptive platform trial, Lancet, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00461-X
Cucinotta, Vanelli, WHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic, Acta Biomed, doi:10.23750/abm.v91i1.9397>
Furtado, Berwanger, Fonseca, Corrêa, Ferraz et al., Azithromycin in addition to standard of care versus standard of care alone in the treatment of patients admitted to the hospital with severe COVID-19 in Brazil (COALITION II): a randomised clinical trial, Lancet, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31862-6
Furuta, Gowen, Takahashi, Shiraki, Smee et al., Favipiravir (T-705), a novel viral RNA polymerase inhibitor, Antivir. Res, doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.09.015
Gao, Tian, Yang, Breakthrough: Chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies, Biosci. Trends, doi:10.5582/bst.2020.01047
Gautret, Lagier, Parola, Meddeb, Mailhe et al., Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial, Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949
Haase, Plovsing, Christensen, Poulsen, Brøchner et al., Characteristics, interventions, and longer term outcomes of COVID-19 ICU patients in Denmark-a nationwide, observational study, Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand, doi:10.1111/aas.13701
Huang, Wang, Li, Ren, Zhao et al., Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, Lancet, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
Hung, Ghula, Aziz, Makram, Tawfik et al., The efficacy and adverse effects of favipiravir on COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published clinical trials and observational studies, Int. J. Infect Dis, doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2022.04.035
Jin, Bai, He, Wu, Liu et al., Gender differences in patients with COVID-19: focus on severity and mortality, doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00152
Khalid, Alshukairi, Khalid, Imran, Imran et al., Characteristics and outcome of tertiary care critically ill COVID-19 patients with multiple comorbidities admitted to the intensive care unit, Ann. Thorac. Med
Khan, Althunayyan, Alsofayan, Alotaibi, Mubarak et al., Risk factors associated with worse outcomes in COVID-19: a retrospective study in Saudi Arabia East Mediterr Health J, doi:1371-8010.26719/emhj.20.130
Khan, Hasan, Bond, Conway, Aldeyab, Antimicrobial consumption in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Exp. Rev. Anti Infect Ther, doi:10.1080/14787210.2022.2011719
Kocayigit, Özmen, Süner, Tomak, Demir et al., Observational study of the effects of Favipiravir vs Lopinavir/Ritonavir on clinical outcomes in critically Ill patients with COVID-19, J. Clin. Pharm. Ther, doi:10.1111/jcpt.13305
Michelen, Jones, Stavropoulou, In patients of COVID-19, what are the symptoms and clinical features of mild and moderate cases? -The Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine [Internet]. The Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine
Milovanovic, Hessey, Sebastianski, Keto-Lambert, Vandermeer et al., Epidemiology, clinical characteristics and treatment of critically ill patients with COVID-19: a protocol for a living systematic review, BMJ Open
Pastick, Okafor, Wang, Lofgren, Skipper et al., Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), Open Forum Infect Dis, doi:10.1093/ofid/ofaa130>
Reuters, Russia approves first COVID-19 prescription drug for sale in pharmacies
Rosenke, Jarvis, Feldmann, Schwarz, Okumura et al., Hydroxychloroquine prophylaxis and treatment is ineffective in macaque and hamster SARS-CoV-2 disease models, Jci Insight, doi:10.1172/jci.insight.143174
Saha, Ahsan, Quader, Shohan, Naher et al., Characteristics, management and outcomes of critically ill COVID-19 patients admitted to ICU in hospitals in Bangladesh: a retrospective study, J. Prev. Med. Hyg, doi:10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2021.62.1.1838
Shrestha, Budhathoki, Khadka, Shah, Pokharel et al., Favipiravir versus other antiviral or standard of care for COVID-19 treatment: a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis, Virol. J, doi:10.1186/s12985-020-01412-z
Taccone, Van Goethem, De Pauw, Wittebole, Blot et al., The role of organizational characteristics on the outcome of COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU in Belgium, Lancet Reg. Health Eur, doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2020.100019
Ueda, Tanimoto, Murayama, Ozaki, Kami, Japan's drug regulation during the COVID-19 pandemic: lessons from a case study of favipiravir, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther, doi:10.1002/cpt.2251
Vaidyanathan, Scientists criticize use of unproven COVID drugs in India [Internet]. Nature News
Vogels, Pouwels, Van Oers, Ramnarain, Characteristics and risk factors associated with mortality in critically ill patients with COVID-19, Cureus, doi:10.7759/cureus.14442
Xiong, Chi, Gao, Prevalence and risk factors of thrombotic events on patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Thromb. J, doi:10.1186/s12959-021-00284-9
Yang, Yu, Xu, Shu, Liu et al., Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study, Lancet Respir. Med, doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30079-5
Zhou, Yu, Du, Fan, Liu et al., Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study, Lancet, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3
Ñamendys-Silva, Alvarado-Ávila, Domínguez-Cherit, Rivero-Sigarroa, Sánchez-Hurtado et al., Outcomes of patients with COVID-19 in. the intensive care unit in Mexico: a multicenter observational study, Heart Lung, doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2020.10.013
{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2023, 5, 11]], 'date-time': '2023-05-11T04:32:07Z', 'timestamp': 1683779527816}, 'reference-count': 44, 'publisher': 'Elsevier BV', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 7, 1]], 'date-time': '2023-07-01T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1688169600000}, 'content-version': 'tdm', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/'}, { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 4, 24]], 'date-time': '2023-04-24T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1682294400000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': ['elsevier.com', 'sciencedirect.com'], 'crossmark-restriction': True}, 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2023, 7]]}, 'DOI': '10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2023, 5, 4]], 'date-time': '2023-05-04T06:52:45Z', 'timestamp': 1683183165000}, 'page': '100229', 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/elsevier_cm_policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'Impact of common comorbidities on antimicrobial consumption and mortality amongst critically ill ' 'COVID-19 patients: A retrospective two center study in Saudi Arabia', 'prefix': '10.1016', 'volume': '19', 'author': [ {'given': 'Nada', 'family': 'AlQadheeb', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Hanine', 'family': 'AlMubayedh', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Sarah', 'family': 'AlBadrani', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Abdul', 'family': 'Salam', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Mukhtar', 'family': 'AlOmar', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Ahmed', 'family': 'AlAswad', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Mohammed', 'family': 'AlMualim', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Zahra', 'family': 'AlQamariat', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Rasheed', 'family': 'AlHubail', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '78', 'reference': [ { 'key': '10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0005', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1217', 'DOI': '10.15537/smj.2020.11.25495', 'article-title': 'Clinical characteristics and in-hospital mortality of COVID-19 adult ' 'patients in Saudi Arabia', 'volume': '41', 'author': 'Abohamr', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Saudi Med. J.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0010', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '833', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jsps.2021.06.005', 'article-title': 'Demographics, comorbidities, and outcomes among young and middle-aged ' 'COVID-19 patients in Saudi Arabia', 'volume': '29', 'author': 'Alali', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Saudi Pharm. J.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0015', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1085', 'DOI': '10.1080/03007995.2021.1920900', 'article-title': 'Effectiveness and safety of favipiravir compared to supportive care in ' 'moderately to critically ill COVID-19 patients: a retrospective study ' 'with propensity score matching sensitivity analysis', 'volume': '37', 'author': 'Alamer', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Curr. Med. Res. Opin.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0020', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1639', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jiph.2020.09.003', 'article-title': 'Clinical characteristics of non-intensive care unit COVID-19 patients ' 'in Saudi Arabia: a descriptive cross-sectional study', 'volume': '13', 'author': 'Al-Omari', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'J. Infect Public Health.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0025', 'first-page': '9', 'article-title': 'Demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and length of stay of ' 'COVID-19 patients admitted into intensive care units. In Saudi Arabia: ' 'a nationwide retrospective study', 'author': 'Al-Otaiby', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Front Med.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0030', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '738', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.11.001', 'article-title': 'SARS-CoV-2 associated COVID-19 in geriatric population: a brief ' 'narrative review', 'volume': '28', 'author': 'Al-Zahrani', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Saudi J. Biol. Sci.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0035', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104228', 'article-title': 'In vitro testing of combined hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin on ' 'SARS-CoV-2 shows synergistic effect', 'volume': '145', 'author': 'Andreani', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Microb. Pathog.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0040', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1340', 'DOI': '10.1111/anae.15201', 'article-title': 'Outcomes from intensive care in patients with COVID-19: a systematic ' 'review and meta-analysis of observational studies', 'volume': '75', 'author': 'Armstrong', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Anaesthesia.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0045', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1063', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00461-X', 'article-title': 'Azithromycin for community treatment of suspected COVID-19 in people at ' 'increased risk of an adverse clinical course in the UK (PRINCIPLE): a ' 'randomised, controlled, open-label, adaptive platform trial', 'volume': '397', 'author': 'Butler', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Lancet.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0050', 'unstructured': 'COVID 19 Dashboard: Saudi Arabia [Internet], 2021a. [cited 19 August ' '2022]. <https://covid19.moh.gov.sa/>.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0055', 'unstructured': 'Cucinotta, D., Vanelli, M., 2020. WHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic Acta ' 'Biomed. 91, 157. <https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v91i1.9397>.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0060', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '959', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31862-6', 'article-title': 'Azithromycin in addition to standard of care versus standard of care ' 'alone in the treatment of patients admitted to the hospital with severe ' 'COVID-19 in Brazil (COALITION II): a randomised clinical trial', 'volume': '396', 'author': 'Furtado', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Lancet.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0065', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '446', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.09.015', 'article-title': 'Favipiravir (T-705), a novel viral RNA polymerase inhibitor', 'volume': '100', 'author': 'Furuta', 'year': '2013', 'journal-title': 'Antivir. Res.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0070', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '72', 'DOI': '10.5582/bst.2020.01047', 'article-title': 'Breakthrough: Chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in ' 'treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies', 'volume': '14', 'author': 'Gao', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Biosci. Trends.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0075', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949', 'article-title': 'Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results ' 'of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial', 'volume': '56', 'author': 'Gautret', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0080', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '68', 'DOI': '10.1111/aas.13701', 'article-title': 'Characteristics, interventions, and longer term outcomes of COVID-19 ' 'ICU patients in Denmark—a nationwide, observational study', 'volume': '65', 'author': 'Haase', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0085', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '497', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5', 'article-title': 'Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in ' 'Wuhan, China', 'volume': '395', 'author': 'Huang', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Lancet'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0090', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'article-title': 'The efficacy and adverse effects of favipiravir on COVID-19 patients: a ' 'systematic review and meta-analysis of published clinical trials and ' 'observational studies', 'author': 'Hung', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Int. J. Infect Dis.', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijid.2022.04.035'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0095', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '152', 'DOI': '10.3389/fpubh.2020.00152', 'article-title': 'Gender differences in patients with COVID-19: focus on severity and ' 'mortality', 'author': 'Jin', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Front Public Health.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0100', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '59', 'DOI': '10.4103/atm.atm_178_21', 'article-title': 'Characteristics and outcome of tertiary care critically ill COVID-19 ' 'patients with multiple comorbidities admitted to the intensive care ' 'unit', 'volume': '17', 'author': 'Khalid', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Ann. Thorac. Med.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0105', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Khan, A., Althunayyan, S., Alsofayan, Y., Alotaibi, R., Mubarak, A., ' 'Arafat, M., et al., 2020. Risk factors associated with worse outcomes in ' 'COVID-19: a retrospective study in Saudi Arabia East Mediterr Health J. ' '2020 1371 –80 10.26719/emhj.20.130.', 'DOI': '10.26719/emhj.20.130'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0110', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '749', 'DOI': '10.1080/14787210.2022.2011719', 'article-title': 'Antimicrobial consumption in patients with COVID-19: a systematic ' 'review and meta-analysis', 'volume': '20', 'author': 'Khan', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Exp. Rev. Anti Infect Ther.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0115', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '454', 'DOI': '10.1111/jcpt.13305', 'article-title': 'Observational study of the effects of Favipiravir vs ' 'Lopinavir/Ritonavir on clinical outcomes in critically Ill patients ' 'with COVID-19', 'volume': '46', 'author': 'Kocayiğit', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'J. Clin. Pharm. Ther.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0120', 'unstructured': 'Michelen, M., Jones, N., Stavropoulou, C., 2022. In patients of ' 'COVID-19, what are the symptoms and clinical features of mild and ' 'moderate cases? – The Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine [Internet]. The ' 'Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. [Online]. ' '<https://www.cebm.net/covid-19/in-patients-of-covid-19-what-are-the-symptoms-and-clinical-features-of-mild-and-moderate-case/>.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0125', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e042008', 'DOI': '10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042008', 'article-title': 'Epidemiology, clinical characteristics and treatment of critically ill ' 'patients with COVID-19: a protocol for a living systematic review', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'Milovanovic', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'BMJ Open.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0130', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '28', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.hrtlng.2020.10.013', 'article-title': 'Outcomes of patients with COVID-19 in. the intensive care unit in ' 'Mexico: a multicenter observational study', 'volume': '50', 'author': 'Ñamendys-Silva', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Heart Lung.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0135', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Pastick, K.A., Okafor, E.C., Wang, F., Lofgren, S.M., Skipper, C.P., ' 'Nicol, M.R., et al., 2020. Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine for ' 'treatment of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Open Forum Infect Dis. ' '2020;7:ofaa130. Oxford University Press, US. ' '<https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa130>.', 'DOI': '10.1093/ofid/ofaa130'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0140', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2030', 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMoa2022926', 'article-title': 'Effect of hydroxychloroquine in hospitalized patients with Covid-19', 'volume': '383', 'author': 'RECOVERY Collaborative Group', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'NEJM.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0145', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '605', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00149-5', 'article-title': 'Azithromycin in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): ' 'a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial', 'volume': '397', 'author': 'RECOVERY Collaborative Group', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Lancet.'}, { 'key': '#cr-split#-10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0150.1', 'unstructured': 'Reuters, T., 2020. Russia approves first COVID-19 prescription drug for ' 'sale in pharmacies [Internet]. Thomson Reuters'}, { 'key': '#cr-split#-10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0150.2', 'unstructured': '2020 [cited 2023 Apr 9]. ' '<https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-russia-rpharm-idUSKBN26917Z>.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0155', 'first-page': '5', 'article-title': 'Hydroxychloroquine prophylaxis and treatment is ineffective in macaque ' 'and hamster SARS-CoV-2 disease models', 'author': 'Rosenke', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Jci Insight.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0160', 'first-page': 'E33', 'article-title': 'Characteristics, management and outcomes of critically ill COVID-19 ' 'patients admitted to ICU in hospitals in Bangladesh: a retrospective ' 'study', 'volume': '62', 'author': 'Saha', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'J. Prev. Med. Hyg.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0165', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1', 'DOI': '10.1186/s12985-020-01412-z', 'article-title': 'Favipiravir versus other antiviral or standard of care for COVID-19 ' 'treatment: a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis', 'volume': '17', 'author': 'Shrestha', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Virol. J.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0170', 'article-title': 'The role of organizational characteristics on the outcome of COVID-19 ' 'patients admitted to the ICU in Belgium', 'volume': '2', 'author': 'Taccone', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Lancet Reg. Health Eur.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0175', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '545', 'DOI': '10.1002/cpt.2251', 'article-title': 'Japan’s drug regulation during the COVID-19 pandemic: lessons from a ' 'case study of favipiravir', 'volume': '111', 'author': 'Ueda', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.'}, { 'key': '#cr-split#-10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0180.1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Vaidyanathan, G., 2020. Scientists criticize use of unproven COVID drugs ' 'in India [Internet]. Nature News. Nature Publishing Group', 'DOI': '10.1038/d41586-020-03105-7'}, { 'key': '#cr-split#-10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0180.2', 'unstructured': '2020 [cited 2023 Apr 9]. ' '<https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03105-7>.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0185', 'first-page': '13', 'article-title': 'Characteristics and risk factors associated with mortality in ' 'critically ill patients with COVID-19', 'author': 'Vogels', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Cureus.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0190', 'unstructured': 'WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard [Internet]. Covid19.who.int. 2021 ' '[cited 19 August 2022]. <https://covid19.who.int/>.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0195', 'unstructured': 'World Health Organization, 2021. 2021 aware classification [Internet]. ' '[cited 7 Dec 2022]. ' '<https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/2021-aware-classification>.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0200', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1', 'DOI': '10.1186/s12959-021-00284-9', 'article-title': 'Prevalence and risk factors of thrombotic events on patients with ' 'COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis', 'volume': '19', 'author': 'Xiong', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Thromb. J.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0205', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '475', 'DOI': '10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30079-5', 'article-title': 'Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 ' 'pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, ' 'observational study', 'volume': '8', 'author': 'Yang', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Lancet Respir. Med.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229_b0210', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1054', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3', 'article-title': 'Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with ' 'COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study', 'volume': '395', 'author': 'Zhou', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Lancet.'}], 'container-title': 'Clinical Infection in Practice', 'original-title': [], 'language': 'en', 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S2590170223000122?httpAccept=text/xml', 'content-type': 'text/xml', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S2590170223000122?httpAccept=text/plain', 'content-type': 'text/plain', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 5, 10]], 'date-time': '2023-05-10T17:12:03Z', 'timestamp': 1683738723000}, 'score': 1, 'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2590170223000122'}}, 'subtitle': [], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2023, 7]]}, 'references-count': 44, 'alternative-id': ['S2590170223000122'], 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229', 'relation': {}, 'ISSN': ['2590-1702'], 'subject': ['Infectious Diseases'], 'container-title-short': 'Clinical Infection in Practice', 'published': {'date-parts': [[2023, 7]]}, 'assertion': [ {'value': 'Elsevier', 'name': 'publisher', 'label': 'This article is maintained by'}, { 'value': 'Impact of common comorbidities on antimicrobial consumption and mortality ' 'amongst critically ill COVID-19 patients: A retrospective two center study in ' 'Saudi Arabia', 'name': 'articletitle', 'label': 'Article Title'}, { 'value': 'Clinical Infection in Practice', 'name': 'journaltitle', 'label': 'Journal Title'}, { 'value': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229', 'name': 'articlelink', 'label': 'CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version'}, {'value': 'article', 'name': 'content_type', 'label': 'Content Type'}, { 'value': '© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of British Infection ' 'Association.', 'name': 'copyright', 'label': 'Copyright'}], 'article-number': '100229'}
Late treatment
is less effective
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.
  or use drag and drop   
Submit