Patients with systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases remain at risk for hospitalisation for COVID-19 infection in the Omicron era (2022–2024): a retrospective cohort study
Naomi J Patel, Shruthi Srivatsan, Emily N Kowalski, Andrew King, Xiaosong Wang, Kathleen Mm Vanni, Grace Qian, Jennifer S Hanberg, Katarina J Bade, Alene A Saavedra, Kevin T Mueller, Buuthien Hang, Zachary K Williams, Colebrooke Johnson, Madison Negron, Dr Jeffrey A Sparks, Zachary S Wallace
RMD Open, doi:10.1136/rmdopen-2024-005114
Objective To investigate the risk factors for severe acute COVID-19 outcomes in the Omicron era among individuals with systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARDs). Methods We identified patients with confirmed SARDs and COVID-19 (positive PCR and/or antigen test) from 1 September 2022 to 15 March 2024 in the Mass General Brigham healthcare system. We estimated the associations of baseline characteristics with the odds of hospitalisation due to COVID-19 infection, verified by medical record review, using multivariable logistic regression. Results Of 2061 patients with SARDs and COVID-19 during the Omicron era (75% female, mean age 62.2 years), 134 (6.5%) were hospitalised due to COVID-19, mostly due to respiratory symptoms (84, 63%). Of those hospitalised, 11 (8%) required mechanical ventilation and 20 (15%) died. Older age (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.05 per year), Black race (vs White race, aOR 4.15), ever smoking (vs never, aOR 1.76), CD20 inhibitor use (vs antimalarial monotherapy, aOR 2.22) and glucocorticoid use (vs non-use, aOR 2.07) were significantly associated with higher odds of hospitalisation. Female sex (vs male, aOR 0.63), booster SARS-CoV-2 vaccination (vs initial series, aOR 0.49) and vaccination within either 3 months or 3-6 months prior to infection (aOR 0.41 and aOR 0.38, respectively, vs none within 12 months) were significantly associated with lower odds of hospitalisation. Conclusions Some patients with SARDs remain at higher risk of severe COVID-19 in the Omicron era. Patients who are older, Black, have more comorbidities, use CD20 inhibitors and/ or glucocorticoids, or have not been vaccinated recently may benefit from risk-mitigating strategies, including booster vaccines and pre-exposure prophylaxis. Protected by copyright, including for uses related to text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies. .
Infections Infections Infections GQ, JH, KB, AS, KM, BH, ZKW, CJ and MN were involved in the data acquisition, interpretation and revision of the manuscript. JS and ZSW are the senior authors. All authors approved the final version of the article. ZSW accepts full responsibility for the work and the conduct of the study, had access to the data and controlled the decision to publish, and is the guarantor of the study. Funding JS is supported by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (grant numbers R01 AR080659, R01 AR077607, P30 AR070253, and P30 AR072577), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institutes (grant number R01 HL155522), the R. Bruce and Joan M. Mickey Research Scholar Fund, and the Llura Gund Award funded by the Gordon and Llura Gund Foundation. The project described was supported by Clinical Translational Science Award 1UL1TR002541-01 to Harvard University and Brigham and Women's Hospital from the National Center for Research Resources. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of Harvard University, its affiliated academic health care centres or the National Institutes of Health. ZSW is supported by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (grant numbers R01 AR080659, R03 AR0789938 and K23 AR073334). Funding for this manuscript was provided by R01 AR080659. Competing interests NJP has received consulting fees from FVC Health, Arrivo..
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"abstract": "<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective</jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the risk factors for severe acute COVID-19 outcomes in the Omicron era among individuals with systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARDs).</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>We identified patients with confirmed SARDs and COVID-19 (positive PCR and/or antigen test) from 1 September 2022 to 15 March 2024 in the Mass General Brigham healthcare system. We estimated the associations of baseline characteristics with the odds of hospitalisation due to COVID-19 infection, verified by medical record review, using multivariable logistic regression.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>Of 2061 patients with SARDs and COVID-19 during the Omicron era (75% female, mean age 62.2 years), 134 (6.5%) were hospitalised due to COVID-19, mostly due to respiratory symptoms (84, 63%). Of those hospitalised, 11 (8%) required mechanical ventilation and 20 (15%) died. Older age (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.05 per year), Black race (vs White race, aOR 4.15), ever smoking (vs never, aOR 1.76), CD20 inhibitor use (vs antimalarial monotherapy, aOR 2.22) and glucocorticoid use (vs non-use, aOR 2.07) were significantly associated with higher odds of hospitalisation. Female sex (vs male, aOR 0.63), booster SARS-CoV-2 vaccination (vs initial series, aOR 0.49) and vaccination within either 3 months or 3–6 months prior to infection (aOR 0.41 and aOR 0.38, respectively, vs none within 12 months) were significantly associated with lower odds of hospitalisation.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title><jats:p>Some patients with SARDs remain at higher risk of severe COVID-19 in the Omicron era. Patients who are older, Black, have more comorbidities, use CD20 inhibitors and/or glucocorticoids, or have not been vaccinated recently may benefit from risk-mitigating strategies, including booster vaccines and pre-exposure prophylaxis.</jats:p></jats:sec>",
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