Clinical Efficacy of Hydroxychloroquine in Patients with COVID-19: Findings from an Observational Comparative Study in Saudi Arabia
Alghamdi et al.,
Clinical Efficacy of Hydroxychloroquine in Patients with COVID-19: Findings from an Observational Comparative..,
Antibiotics, doi:10.3390/antibiotics10040365
Retrospective 775 hospitalized patients in Saudi Arabia showing no significant difference. There was no adjustment for severity or comorbidities.
Confounding by indication is likely.
This study is excluded in the after exclusion results of meta
analysis:
confounding by indication is likely and adjustments do not consider COVID-19 severity at baseline.
risk of death, 6.9% higher, RR 1.07, p = 0.88, treatment 44 of 568 (7.7%), control 15 of 207 (7.2%).
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Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates
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Alghamdi et al., 31 Mar 2021, retrospective, Saudi Arabia, peer-reviewed, 10 authors.
Abstract: antibiotics
Article
Clinical Efficacy of Hydroxychloroquine in Patients with
COVID-19: Findings from an Observational Comparative Study
in Saudi Arabia
Saleh Alghamdi 1 , Bassant Barakat 1 , Ilhem Berrou 2, * , Abdulhakim Alzahrani 3 , Abdul Haseeb 4 ,
Mohamed Anwar Hammad 1 , Sirajudheen Anwar 5 , Abdulmajeed Abdulghani A. Sindi 6 ,
Hussain A. Almasmoum 7 and Mohammad Albanghali 8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Citation: Alghamdi, S.; Barakat, B.;
Berrou, I.; Alzahrani, A.; Haseeb, A.;
8
Hammad, M.A.; Anwar, S.; Sindi,
A.A.A.; Almasmoum, H.A.;
*
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Clinical Pharmacy, Albaha University,
Albaha 57911, Saudi Arabia; saleh.alghamdi@bu.edu.sa (S.A.); bbarakat@bu.edu.sa (B.B.);
m.anwar@bu.edu.sa (M.A.H.)
School of Health and Social Wellbeing, University of the West of England, Staple Hill, Bristol BS16 1DD, UK
Pharmaceutical Care Services Department, King Fahad Hospital, Albaha 57911, Saudi Arabia;
aalzahrani116@moh.gov.sa
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University,
Makkah 24231, Saudi Arabia; amhaseeb@uqu.edu.sa
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail,
Hail 55482, Saudi Arabia; si.anwar@uoh.edu.sa
Department of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University,
Albaha 57911, Saudi Arabia; asindi@bu.edu.sa
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University,
Makkah 24231, Saudi Arabia; Haamasmoum@uqu.edu.sa
Department of Public Health, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University,
Albaha 57911, Saudi Arabia; mohammad.aref@bu.edu.sa
Correspondence: ilhem.berrou@uwe.ac.uk; Tel.: +44-11732-84053
Albanghali, M. Clinical Efficacy of
Hydroxychloroquine in Patients with
COVID-19: Findings from an
Observational Comparative Study in
Saudi Arabia. Antibiotics 2021, 10, 365.
https://doi.org/10.3390/
antibiotics10040365
Academic Editor: Nahed El-Najjar
Received: 3 March 2021
Accepted: 28 March 2021
Published: 31 March 2021
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral
with regard to jurisdictional claims in
published maps and institutional affiliations.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the clinical effectiveness of Hydroxychloroquine-based
regimens versus standard treatment in patients with the coronavirus disease admitted in 2019 to
a hospital in Saudi Arabia. A comparative observational study, using routine hospital data, was
carried out in a large tertiary care hospital in Al Baha, Saudi Arabia, providing care to patients with
COVID-19 between April 2019 and August 2019. Patients were categorized into two groups: the
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) group, treated with HCQ in a dose of 400 mg twice daily on the first
day, followed by 200 mg twice daily; the non HCQ group, treated with other antiviral or antibacterial
treatments according to protocols recommended by the Ministry of Health (MOH) at the time. The
primary outcomes were the length of hospital stay, need for admission to the intensive care unit (ICU),
time in ICU, and need for mechanical ventilation. Overall survival was also assessed. 568 patients
who received HCQ (treatment group) were compared with 207 patients who did not receive HCQ
(control group). HCQ did not improve mortality in the treated group (7.7% vs. 7.2%). There were no
significant differences in terms of duration of hospitalization, need for and time in ICU, and need for
mechanical ventilation among the groups. Our..
Late treatment
is less effective
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