Clinical Characteristics, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes of COVID-19 in Autoimmune Rheumatic Disease Patients: A Retrospective Case–Control Study from Astana, Kazakhstan

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2024, 8, 24]], 'date-time': '2024-08-24T00:23:20Z', 'timestamp': 1724459000862}, 'reference-count': 60, 'publisher': 'MDPI AG', 'issue': '9', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 8, 23]], 'date-time': '2024-08-23T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1724371200000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': [], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'abstract': '<jats:p>Background: Viral infections, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), in ' 'patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases (AIRDs) tend to present more severe disease. This ' 'study aims to investigate the clinical characteristics and risk factors for severe infection ' 'in rheumatologic patients. Methods: We included patients with a diagnosis of AIRD and ' 'COVID-19 infection between January 2022 and July 2023. Patients with AIRDs infected with ' 'SARS-CoV-2 were matched with control patients of the general population according to age (±5 ' 'years) and sex in a 1:1 ratio. Confirmed infection was defined if a patient had a positive ' 'polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. The severity was divided into mild, moderate, severe, ' 'and critical according to the guidelines of the United States National Institutes of Health ' '(NIH). Results: A total of 140 individuals (37 males, 103 females; mean age 56.1 ± 11.3 ' 'years) with rheumatic disease diagnosed with COVID-19 infection were enrolled in the study. ' 'AIRDs included rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (n = 63, 45%), ankylosing spondylitis (AS) (n = 35, ' '25%), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (n = 26, 8.6%), and systemic sclerosis (SSc) (n = ' '16, 11.4%). The AIRDs group had more SARS-CoV-2-related dyspnea (38.6%), arthralgia (45.7%), ' 'and depression (27.1%) than the control group (p = 0.004). The rate of lung infiltration on ' 'radiographic examination was higher in 58 (41.4%, p = 0.005) patients with rheumatic diseases ' 'than in those without them. Severe SARS-CoV-2 infection was more common in the AIRDs group ' 'than in the control group (22% vs. 12%; p = 0.043). Conclusions: Patients with AIRDs ' 'experienced more symptoms of arthralgia, depression, and dyspnea. There was a trend towards ' 'an increased severity of the disease in patients with AIRDs. Patients with arterial ' 'hypertension, diabetes, chronic lung, and kidney disease, treated with corticosteroids, had a ' 'longer duration, and high activity of autoimmune disease had an increased risk of severe ' 'COVID-19.</jats:p>', 'DOI': '10.3390/medicina60091377', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2024, 8, 23]], 'date-time': '2024-08-23T16:38:43Z', 'timestamp': 1724431123000}, 'page': '1377', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'Clinical Characteristics, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes of COVID-19 in Autoimmune Rheumatic ' 'Disease Patients: A Retrospective Case–Control Study from Astana, Kazakhstan', 'prefix': '10.3390', 'volume': '60', 'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9324-8720', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Kristina', 'family': 'Rutskaya-Moroshan', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Family Medicine №1, NJSC «Astana Medical ' 'University», Astana 010000, Kazakhstan'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6260-8220', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Saule', 'family': 'Abisheva', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Family Medicine №1, NJSC «Astana Medical ' 'University», Astana 010000, Kazakhstan'}]}, { 'given': 'Anilim', 'family': 'Abisheva', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Family Medicine №1, NJSC «Astana Medical ' 'University», Astana 010000, Kazakhstan'}]}, { 'given': 'Zhadra', 'family': 'Amangeldiyeva', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Family Medicine №1, NJSC «Astana Medical ' 'University», Astana 010000, Kazakhstan'}]}, { 'given': 'Tatyana', 'family': 'Vinnik', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Family Medicine №1, NJSC «Astana Medical ' 'University», Astana 010000, Kazakhstan'}, { 'name': 'Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, ' 'Israel'}]}, { 'given': 'Tansholpan', 'family': 'Batyrkhan', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Family Medicine №1, NJSC «Astana Medical ' 'University», Astana 010000, Kazakhstan'}]}], 'member': '1968', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2024, 8, 23]]}, 'reference': [ { 'key': 'ref_1', 'unstructured': '(2024, June 29). COVID-19 Cases|WHO COVID-19 Dashboard. Available ' 'online: https://data.who.int/dashboards/covid19/cases.'}, { 'key': 'ref_2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Maddur, M.S., Vani, J., Lacroix-Desmazes, S., Kaveri, S., and Bayry, J. ' '(2010). Autoimmunity as a Predisposition for Infectious Diseases. PLoS ' 'Pathog., 6.', 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.ppat.1001077'}, { 'key': 'ref_3', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'SI59', 'DOI': '10.1093/rheumatology/keaa897', 'article-title': 'Incidence and Severeness of COVID-19 Hospitalisation in Patients with ' 'Inflammatory Rheumatic Disease: A Nationwide Cohort Study from Denmark', 'volume': '60', 'author': 'Cordtz', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Rheumatology'}, { 'key': 'ref_4', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1185', 'DOI': '10.1080/1744666X.2021.1847084', 'article-title': 'Coronavirus Disease 2019: Investigational Therapies in the Prevention ' 'and Treatment of Hyperinflammation', 'volume': '16', 'author': 'Amigues', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Expert. Rev. Clin. Immunol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_5', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '430', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41586-020-2521-4', 'article-title': 'Factors Associated with COVID-19-Related Death Using OpenSAFELY', 'volume': '584', 'author': 'Williamson', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Nature'}, { 'key': 'ref_6', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '859', 'DOI': '10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217871', 'article-title': 'Characteristics Associated with Hospitalisation for COVID-19 in People ' 'with Rheumatic Disease: Data from the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology ' 'Alliance Physician-Reported Registry', 'volume': '79', 'author': 'Gianfrancesco', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Ann. Rheum. Dis.'}, { 'key': 'ref_7', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '732', 'DOI': '10.1093/cid/ciaa237', 'article-title': 'In Vitro Antiviral Activity and Projection of Optimized Dosing Design ' 'of Hydroxychloroquine for the Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory ' 'Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)', 'volume': '71', 'author': 'Yao', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Clin. Infect. Dis.'}, { 'key': 'ref_8', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '201', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41591-021-01576-3', 'article-title': 'Dexamethasone Modulates Immature Neutrophils and Interferon Programming ' 'in Severe COVID-19', 'volume': '28', 'author': 'Sinha', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Nat. Med.'}, { 'key': 'ref_9', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '71', 'DOI': '10.1186/s40249-021-00857-w', 'article-title': 'Tocilizumab Treatment for COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and ' 'Meta-Analysis', 'volume': '10', 'author': 'Wei', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Infect. Dis. Poverty'}, { 'key': 'ref_10', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '154', 'DOI': '10.1111/apt.16717', 'article-title': 'Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis: COVID-19 Outcomes in Patients ' 'Receiving Anti-TNF Treatments', 'volume': '55', 'author': 'Kokkotis', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther.'}, { 'key': 'ref_11', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1351', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00296-020-04613-5', 'article-title': 'Management of pediatric rheumatic patients in Kazakhstan during the ' 'coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic', 'volume': '40', 'author': 'Mukusheva', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Rheumatol. Int.'}, { 'key': 'ref_12', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e524', 'DOI': '10.1017/dmp.2023.181', 'article-title': 'Public Health Response Measures for COVID-19 in Kazakhstan', 'volume': '17', 'author': 'Battakova', 'year': '2023', 'journal-title': 'Disaster Med. Public Health Prep.'}, { 'key': 'ref_13', 'unstructured': '(2024, June 29). Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the ' 'Republic of Kazakhstan Bureau of National Statistics—Main, Available ' 'online: https://stat.gov.kz/en/.'}, { 'key': 'ref_14', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e281', 'DOI': '10.1016/S2666-5247(20)30177-4', 'article-title': 'COVID-19 response in central Asia', 'volume': '1', 'author': 'Balakrishnan', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Lancet Microbe'}, { 'key': 'ref_15', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '26', 'DOI': '10.5114/reum/184335', 'article-title': 'Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases and COVID-19 Vaccination: A Retrospective ' 'Cross-Sectional Study from Astana', 'volume': '62', 'author': 'Abisheva', 'year': '2024', 'journal-title': 'Reumatologia'}, { 'key': 'ref_16', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '851', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00296-021-04803-9', 'article-title': 'Risk and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with rheumatic ' 'diseases compared with the general population: A systematic review and ' 'meta-analysis', 'volume': '41', 'author': 'Wang', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Rheumatol. Int.'}, { 'key': 'ref_17', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '135', 'DOI': '10.5603/ARM.a2021.0036', 'article-title': 'Predictors of mortality in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia—A ' 'retrospective study', 'volume': '89', 'author': 'Mahendra', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Adv. Respir. Med.'}, { 'key': 'ref_18', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1239', 'DOI': '10.1001/jama.2020.2648', 'article-title': 'Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease ' '2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases ' 'From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention', 'volume': '323', 'author': 'Wu', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'JAMA'}, { 'key': 'ref_19', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Flook, M., Jackson, C., Vasileiou, E., Simpson, C.R., Muckian, M.D., ' 'Agrawal, U., McCowan, C., Jia, Y., Murray, J.L.K., and Ritchie, L.D. ' '(2021). Informing the public health response to COVID-19: A systematic ' 'review of risk factors for disease, severity, and mortality. BMC Infect. ' 'Dis., 21.', 'DOI': '10.1186/s12879-021-05992-1'}, { 'key': 'ref_20', 'unstructured': 'Kelsey, J.L., Evans, A.S., and Alice, S. (1996). Methods in ' 'Observational Epidemiology, Oxford University Press. [2nd ed.].'}, { 'key': 'ref_21', 'unstructured': '(2003). Fleiss, Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions, Formulas ' '3.18 &3.19, John Wiley & Sons.'}, { 'key': 'ref_22', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2213', 'DOI': '10.1007/s10067-022-06087-1', 'article-title': 'Prevalence and risk of COVID-19 in patients with rheumatic diseases: A ' 'systematic review and meta-analysis', 'volume': '41', 'author': 'Wang', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Clin. Rheumatol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_23', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e698', 'DOI': '10.1016/S2665-9913(21)00151-X', 'article-title': 'Autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases and COVID-19 outcomes in ' 'South Korea: A nationwide cohort study', 'volume': '3', 'author': 'Lu', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Lancet Rheumatol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_24', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '102778', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102778', 'article-title': 'Clinical outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with rheumatic diseases: A ' 'systematic review and meta-analysis of global data', 'volume': '20', 'author': 'Xu', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Autoimmun. Rev.'}, { 'key': 'ref_25', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e93', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.065', 'article-title': 'The association between severe or dead COVID-19 and autoimmune ' 'diseases: A systematic review and meta analysis', 'volume': '81', 'author': 'Liu', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'J. Infect.'}, { 'key': 'ref_26', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '888', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.it.2019.08.003', 'article-title': 'Rebalancing Immune Homeostasis to Treat Autoimmune Diseases', 'volume': '40', 'author': 'Horwitz', 'year': '2019', 'journal-title': 'Trends Immunol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_27', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e580', 'DOI': '10.1002/iid3.580', 'article-title': 'The relationship between COVID-19 viral load and disease severity: A ' 'systematic review', 'volume': '10', 'author': 'Dadras', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Immun. Inflamm. Dis.'}, { 'key': 'ref_28', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e557', 'DOI': '10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30227-7', 'article-title': 'COVID-19 in patients with rheumatic disease in Hubei province, China: A ' 'multicentre retrospective observational study', 'volume': '2', 'author': 'Zhong', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Lancet Rheumatol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_29', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '930', 'DOI': '10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-219498', 'article-title': 'Factors associated with COVID-19-related death in people with rheumatic ' 'diseases: Results from the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance ' 'physician-reported registry', 'volume': '80', 'author': 'Strangfeld', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Ann. Rheum. Dis.'}, { 'key': 'ref_30', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '766', 'DOI': '10.1002/art.42030', 'article-title': 'SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Outcomes in Rheumatic Diseases: A ' 'Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis', 'volume': '74', 'author': 'Conway', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Arthritis Rheumatol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_31', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '3211', 'DOI': '10.1007/s10067-022-06257-1', 'article-title': 'Perception of risk and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with ' 'rheumatic diseases: A case-control study', 'volume': '41', 'author': 'Pascual', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Clin. Rheumatol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_32', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': '(2024, June 29). Outcomes Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Individuals ' 'with and without Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases: A Danish Nationwide ' 'Cohort Study|Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. Available online: ' 'https://ard.bmj.com/content/82/10/1359.', 'DOI': '10.1136/ard-2023-223974'}, { 'key': 'ref_33', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Rorat, M., Zarębska-Michaluk, D., Kowalska, J., Kujawa, K., Rogalska, ' 'M., Kozielewicz, D., Lorenc, B., Sikorska, K., Czupryna, P., and ' 'Bolewska, B. (2022). The Course of COVID-19 in Patients with Systemic ' 'Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases. J. Clin. Med., 11.', 'DOI': '10.3390/jcm11247342'}, { 'key': 'ref_34', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1544', 'DOI': '10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-218296', 'article-title': 'Clinical Outcomes of Hospitalised Patients with COVID-19 and Chronic ' 'Inflammatory and Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases: A Multicentric Matched ' 'Cohort Study', 'volume': '79', 'author': 'Pablos', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Ann. Rheum. Dis.'}, { 'key': 'ref_35', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1353', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00296-020-04629-x', 'article-title': 'Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Anti-Rheumatic Therapies, COVID-19 ' 'Infection Risk and Patient Outcomes', 'volume': '40', 'author': 'Kastritis', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Rheumatol. Int.'}, { 'key': 'ref_36', 'first-page': 'e1', 'article-title': 'American College of Rheumatology Guidance for the Management of ' 'Rheumatic Disease in Adult Patients During the COVID-19 Pandemic: ' 'Version 2', 'volume': '72', 'author': 'Mikuls', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Arthritis Rheumatol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_37', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '44', 'DOI': '10.46497/ArchRheumatol.2023.9289', 'article-title': 'Clinical Course and Prognostic Factors of COVID-19 Infection in ' 'Patients with Chronic Inflammatory-Rheumatic Disease: A Retrospective, ' 'Case-Control Study', 'volume': '38', 'author': 'Nas', 'year': '2023', 'journal-title': 'Arch. Rheumatol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_38', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '293', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41584-020-0418-0', 'article-title': 'The COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance: Collecting data in a ' 'pandemic', 'volume': '16', 'author': 'Robinson', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Nat. Rev. Rheumatol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_39', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '631', 'DOI': '10.1002/path.1570', 'article-title': 'Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS ' 'coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis', 'volume': '203', 'author': 'Hamming', 'year': '2004', 'journal-title': 'J. Pathol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_40', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '102683', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102683', 'article-title': 'Autoantibodies against ACE2 and angiotensin type-1 receptors increase ' 'severity of COVID-19', 'volume': '122', 'author': 'Labandeira', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'J. Autoimmun.'}, { 'key': 'ref_41', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'eabn3777', 'DOI': '10.1126/sciadv.abn3777', 'article-title': 'Severe COVID-19 induces autoantibodies against angiotensin II that ' 'correlate with blood pressure dysregulation and disease severity', 'volume': '8', 'author': 'Briquez', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Sci. Adv.'}, { 'key': 'ref_42', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1981', 'DOI': '10.1002/art.41456', 'article-title': 'COVID-19 in Patients With Inflammatory Arthritis: A Prospective Study ' 'on the Effects of Comorbidities and Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic ' 'Drugs on Clinical Outcomes', 'volume': '72', 'author': 'Haberman', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Arthritis Rheumatol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_43', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e168', 'DOI': '10.1016/S2665-9913(21)00005-9', 'article-title': 'Divergent Effects of Acute versus Chronic Glucocorticoids in COVID-19', 'volume': '3', 'author': 'Robinson', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Lancet Rheumatol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_44', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '21', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41514-023-00118-0', 'article-title': 'Severe COVID-19 patients exhibit elevated levels of autoantibodies ' 'targeting cardiolipin and platelet glycoprotein with age: A systems ' 'biology approach', 'volume': '9', 'author': 'Fonseca', 'year': '2023', 'journal-title': 'NPJ Aging.'}, { 'key': 'ref_45', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1753466621995050', 'DOI': '10.1177/1753466621995050', 'article-title': 'Respiratory viral infections in the elderly', 'volume': '15', 'author': 'Watson', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Ther. Adv. Respir. Dis.'}, { 'key': 'ref_46', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1449', 'DOI': '10.1002/jmv.26424', 'article-title': 'Epidemiology of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of ' 'clinical characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes', 'volume': '93', 'author': 'Li', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'J. Med. Virol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_47', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e044640', 'DOI': '10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044640', 'article-title': 'Demographic risk factors for COVID-19 infection, severity, ICU ' 'admission and death: A meta-analysis of 59 studies', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'Pijls', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'BMJ Open.'}, { 'key': 'ref_48', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '44', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.074', 'article-title': 'Ethnic disparities in hospitalisation for COVID-19 in England: The role ' 'of socioeconomic factors, mental health, and inflammatory and ' 'pro-inflammatory factors in a community-based cohort study', 'volume': '88', 'author': 'Lassale', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Brain Behav. Immun.'}, { 'key': 'ref_49', 'unstructured': 'Yan, B., Ng, F., and Nguyen, T. (2024, April 20). High Mortality from ' 'COVID-19 among Asian Americans in San Francisco. Asian American Research ' 'Center on Health. Available online: ' 'https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=SbnK3p8AAAAJ&citation_for_view=SbnK3p8AAAAJ:eQOLeE2rZwMC.'}, { 'key': 'ref_50', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '374', 'DOI': '10.1002/art.41567', 'article-title': 'Association of Race and Ethnicity With COVID-19 Outcomes in Rheumatic ' 'Disease: Data From the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance Physician ' 'Registry', 'volume': '73', 'author': 'Gianfrancesco', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Arthritis Rheumatol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_51', 'first-page': '1475', 'article-title': 'Health status disparities in ethnic minority patients with rheumatoid ' 'arthritis: A cross-sectional study', 'volume': '34', 'author': 'Bruce', 'year': '2007', 'journal-title': 'J. Rheumatol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_52', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1089', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.09.002', 'article-title': 'Racial and ethnic disparities in disease activity in patients with ' 'rheumatoid arthritis', 'volume': '126', 'author': 'Greenberg', 'year': '2013', 'journal-title': 'Am. J. Med.'}, { 'key': 'ref_53', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'FAI2R/SFR/SNFMI/SOFREMIP/CRI/IMIDIATE consortium and contributors ' '(2021). Severity of COVID-19 and survival in patients with rheumatic and ' 'inflammatory diseases: Data from the French RMD COVID-19 cohort of 694 ' 'patients. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 80, 527–538.', 'DOI': '10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-218310'}, { 'key': 'ref_54', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '76', 'DOI': '10.20411/pai.v6i1.435', 'article-title': 'COVID-19 Outcomes in Patients Undergoing B Cell Depletion Therapy and ' 'Those with Humoral Immunodeficiency States: A Scoping Review', 'volume': '6', 'author': 'Jones', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Pathog. Immun.'}, { 'key': 'ref_55', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2015', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00296-020-04699-x', 'article-title': 'High Rates of Severe Disease and Death Due to SARS-CoV-2 Infection in ' 'Rheumatic Disease Patients Treated with Rituximab: A Descriptive Study', 'volume': '40', 'author': 'Boteanu', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Rheumatol. Int.'}, { 'key': 'ref_56', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '185', 'DOI': '10.1111/bjh.16896', 'article-title': 'Persisting SARS-CoV-2 Viraemia after Rituximab Therapy: Two Cases with ' 'Fatal Outcome and a Review of the Literature', 'volume': '190', 'author': 'Tepasse', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Br. J. Haematol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_57', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1087', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.semarthrit.2020.06.013', 'article-title': 'Long, Relapsing, and Atypical Symptomatic Course of COVID-19 in a ' 'B-Cell-Depleted Patient after Rituximab', 'volume': '50', 'author': 'Leipe', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Semin. Arthritis Rheum.'}, { 'key': 'ref_58', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '412', 'DOI': '10.1080/03009742.2022.2063376', 'article-title': 'Risk of Severe COVID-19 in Patients with Inflammatory Rheumatic ' 'Diseases Treated with Immunosuppressive Therapy in Scotland', 'volume': '52', 'author': 'McKeigue', 'year': '2023', 'journal-title': 'Scand. J. Rheumatol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_59', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '428', 'DOI': '10.1111/all.14657', 'article-title': 'Risk Factors for Severe and Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients: A Review', 'volume': '76', 'author': 'Gao', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Allergy'}, { 'key': 'ref_60', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'RECOVERY Collaborative Group, Horby, P., Lim, W.S., Emberson, J.R., ' 'Mafham, M., Bell, J.L., Linsell, L., Staplin, N., Brightling, C., and ' 'Ustianowski, A. (2021). Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with ' 'COVID-19. N. Engl. J. Med., 384, 693–704.', 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMoa2021436'}], 'container-title': 'Medicina', 'original-title': [], 'language': 'en', 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/60/9/1377/pdf', 'content-type': 'unspecified', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 8, 23]], 'date-time': '2024-08-23T19:19:19Z', 'timestamp': 1724440759000}, 'score': 1, 'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/60/9/1377'}}, 'subtitle': [], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2024, 8, 23]]}, 'references-count': 60, 'journal-issue': {'issue': '9', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2024, 9]]}}, 'alternative-id': ['medicina60091377'], 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina60091377', 'relation': {}, 'ISSN': ['1648-9144'], 'subject': [], 'container-title-short': 'Medicina', 'published': {'date-parts': [[2024, 8, 23]]}}