Pattern of SARS-CoV-2 infection among dependant elderly residents living in long-term care facilities in Marseille, France, March–June 2020
Tran Duc Anh Ly, Didier Zanini, Vincent Laforge, Sylvie Arlotto, Stephanie Gentile, Helene Mendizabal, Michael Finaud, David Morel, Olivier Quenette, Priscilla Malfuson-Clot-Faybesse, Alain Midejean, Phuc Le-Dinh, Gérard Daher, Berengere Labarriere, Anne-Marie Morel-Roux, Alain Coquet, Patrick Augier, Philippe Parola, Eric Chabriere, Didier Raoult, Philippe Gautret
International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106219
Objectives: This study aimed to report the results of SARS-CoV-2 PCR-based screening campaigns conducted on dependent elderly residents (compared with staff members) in long-term care facilities (LTCFs) in Marseille, France, and the follow-up of positive cases. Methods: Data from 1691 elderly residents and 10 0 0 members of staff were retrospectively collected through interviewing the medical teams in 24 LTCFs and using the hospitals' electronic health recording systems.
Declarations Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. Ethical Approval: Ethical approval was obtained from the Marseille Institutional Review Board and Ethics Committee (N °2020-028).
References
Amrane, Tissot-Dupont, Doudier, Eldin, Hocquart et al., Rapid viral diagnosis and ambulatory management of suspected COVID-19 cases presenting at the infectious diseases referral hospital in Marseille, France, -January 31 st to March 1 st , 2020: A respiratory virus snapshot, Travel Med Infect Dis
Arshad, Kilgore, Chaudhry, Jacobsen, Wang et al., Treatment with hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, and combination in patients hospitalized with COVID-19, Int J Infect Dis,
doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.099Ayerbe, Risco-Risco, Ayis, The association of treatment with hydroxychloroquine and hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients, Intern Emerg Med,
doi:10.1007/s11739-020-02505-xBelmin, Um-Din, Donadio, Magri, Nghiem et al., Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outcomes in French Nursing Homes That Implemented Staff Confinement With Residents, JAMA Netw Open
Blain, Rolland, Benetos, Giacosa, Albrand et al., Atypical clinical presentation of COVID-19 infection in residents of a long-term care facility, Eur Geriatr Med,
doi:10.1007/s41999-020-00352-9Catteau, Dauby, Montourcy, Bottieau, Hautekiet et al., Low-dose hydroxychloroquine therapy and mortality in hospitalised patients with COVID-19: a nationwide observational study of 8075 participants, Int J Antimicrob Agents,
doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.penalty-@M106144Comas-Herrera, Zalakain, Lemmon, Henderson, Litwin et al., Updated report: Updated international report on COVID-19 related mortality in care homes
Covid-, Use of hydroxychloroquine in hospitalised COVID-19 patients is associated with reduced mortality: Findings from the observational multicentre Italian CORIST study, Eur J Intern Med,
doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2020.penalty-@M08.019Danis, Fonteneau, Georges, Daniau, Bernard-Stoecklin et al., High impact of COVID-19 in long-term care facilities, suggestion for monitoring in the EU/EEA, May 2020, Euro Surveill
Dauby, Bottieau, The unfinished story of hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19: the right anti-inflammatory dose at the right moment, Int J Infect Dis,
doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.032Davido, Lansaman, Bessis, Alvarez, Bouchand et al., Impact of medical care, including use of anti-infective agents, on prognosis of COVID-19 hospitalized patients over time, Int J Antimicrob Agents Oct,
doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106129Etard, Vanhems, Atlani-Duault, Ecochard, Potential lethal outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) among the elderly in retirement homes and long-term facilities, France, March 2020, Euro Surveill
Fisman, Bogoch, Lapointe-Shaw, Mccready, Tuite, Risk Factors Associated With Mortality Among Residents With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Long-term Care Facilities in Ontario, Canada, JAMA Netw Open,
doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.15957Gautret, Lagier, Parola, Hoang, Meddeb et al., Clinical and microbiological effect of a combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in 80 COVID-19 patients with at least a six-day follow up: an observational study, Travel Med Infect Dis
Gautret, Lagier, Parola, Hoang, Meddeb et al., Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open label non-randomized clinical trial, Int J Antimicrob Agents
Gentry, Humphrey, Thind, Hendrickson, Kurdgelashvili et al., Long-term hydroxychloroquine use in patients with rheumatic conditions and development of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a retrospective cohort study, Lancet Rheumatol,
doi:10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30305-2Heras, Garibaldi, Boix, Valero, Castillo et al., COVID-19 mortality risk factors in older people in a long-term care center. Research square
Hewitt, Carter, Vilches-Moraga, Quinn, Braude et al., The effect of frailty on survival in patients with COVID-19 (COPE): a multicentre, European, observational cohort study, Lancet Public Health,
doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30146-8Hoxha, Wyndham-Thomas, Klamer, Dubourg, Vermeulen et al., Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in Belgian long-term care facilities, Lancet Infect Dis,
doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30560-0Lagier, Million, Gautret, Colson, Cortaredona et al., Outcomes of 3,737 COVID-19 patients treated with hydroxychloroquine/azithromycin and other regimens in Marseille, France: A retrospective analysis, Travel Med Infect Dis
Louie, Scott, Dubois, Sturtz, Lu et al., Lessons from mass-testing for COVID-19 in long-term care facilities for the elderly in San Francisco, Clin Infect Dis
Million, Lagier, Gautret, Colson, Fournier et al., Early treatment of COVID-19 patients with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin: A retrospective analysis of 1061 cases in Marseille, France, Travel Med Infect Dis
Moraes, Viana, Resende, Vasconcellos, Moura et al., COVID-19 in long-term care facilities for the elderly: laboratory screening and disease dissemination prevention strategies, Cien Saude Colet,
doi:10.1590/1413-81232020259.20382020Opensafely, Elizabeth, Alex, Krishnan, Seb et al., OpenSAFELY: factors associated with COVID-19-related hospital death in the linked electronic health records of 17 million adult NHS patients,
doi:10.1101/2020.05.06.20092999v1St, Santé Publique France
Zou, Dai, Zhang, Zhang, Zhang, Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine: a potential and controversial treatment for COVID-19, Arch Pharm Res
{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2024, 1, 30]], 'date-time': '2024-01-30T18:05:07Z', 'timestamp': 1706637907214},
'reference-count': 29,
'publisher': 'Elsevier BV',
'issue': '6',
'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2020, 12, 1]],
'date-time': '2020-12-01T00:00:00Z',
'timestamp': 1606780800000},
'content-version': 'tdm',
'delay-in-days': 0,
'URL': 'https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/'},
{ 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2021, 11, 24]],
'date-time': '2021-11-24T00:00:00Z',
'timestamp': 1637712000000},
'content-version': 'am',
'delay-in-days': 358,
'URL': 'http://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/'}],
'funder': [ { 'DOI': '10.13039/501100001665',
'name': 'Agence Nationale de la Recherche',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher'}],
'content-domain': { 'domain': [ 'clinicalkey.fr', 'clinicalkey.jp', 'clinicalkey.es', 'clinicalkey.com.au',
'clinicalkey.com', 'elsevier.com', 'sciencedirect.com'],
'crossmark-restriction': True},
'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2020, 12]]},
'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106219',
'type': 'journal-article',
'created': { 'date-parts': [[2020, 11, 13]],
'date-time': '2020-11-13T06:24:26Z',
'timestamp': 1605248666000},
'page': '106219',
'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/elsevier_cm_policy',
'source': 'Crossref',
'is-referenced-by-count': 21,
'title': 'Pattern of SARS-CoV-2 infection among dependant elderly residents living in long-term care '
'facilities in Marseille, France, March–June 2020',
'prefix': '10.1016',
'volume': '56',
'author': [ {'given': 'Tran Duc Anh', 'family': 'Ly', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Didier', 'family': 'Zanini', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Vincent', 'family': 'Laforge', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Sylvie', 'family': 'Arlotto', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Stephanie', 'family': 'Gentile', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Helene', 'family': 'Mendizabal', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Michael', 'family': 'Finaud', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'David', 'family': 'Morel', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Olivier', 'family': 'Quenette', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []},
{ 'given': 'Priscilla',
'family': 'Malfuson-Clot-Faybesse',
'sequence': 'additional',
'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Alain', 'family': 'Midejean', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Phuc', 'family': 'Le-Dinh', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Gérard', 'family': 'Daher', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Berengere', 'family': 'Labarriere', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Anne-Marie', 'family': 'Morel-Roux', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Alain', 'family': 'Coquet', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Patrick', 'family': 'Augier', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Philippe', 'family': 'Parola', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Eric', 'family': 'Chabriere', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Didier', 'family': 'Raoult', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []},
{ 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1664-958X',
'authenticated-orcid': False,
'given': 'Philippe',
'family': 'Gautret',
'sequence': 'additional',
'affiliation': []}],
'member': '78',
'reference': [ { 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106219_bib0001',
'series-title': 'COVID-19 [COVID-19: epidemiological update of 2 June 2020]. St Maurice : '
'Santé Publique France',
'year': '2020'},
{ 'issue': '22',
'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106219_bib0002',
'article-title': 'High impact of COVID-19 in long-term care facilities, suggestion for '
'monitoring in the EU/EEA, May 2020',
'volume': '25',
'author': 'Danis',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Euro Surveill'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106219_bib0003',
'series-title': 'Updated report: Updated international report on COVID-19 related '
'mortality in care homes. International long-term care policy network; '
'c2020',
'author': 'Comas-Herrera',
'year': '2020'},
{ 'issue': '15',
'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106219_bib0004',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'DOI': '10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.15.2000448',
'article-title': 'Potential lethal outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) among the '
'elderly in retirement homes and long-term facilities, France, March '
'2020',
'volume': '25',
'author': 'Etard',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Euro Surveill'},
{ 'issue': '9',
'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106219_bib0005',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '3445',
'DOI': '10.1590/1413-81232020259.20382020',
'article-title': 'COVID-19 in long-term care facilities for the elderly: laboratory '
'screening and disease dissemination prevention strategies',
'volume': '25',
'author': 'Moraes',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Cien Saude Colet'},
{ 'issue': '7',
'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106219_bib0006',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'DOI': '10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.15957',
'article-title': 'Risk Factors Associated With Mortality Among Residents With Coronavirus '
'Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Long-term Care Facilities in Ontario, Canada',
'volume': '3',
'author': 'Fisman',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'JAMA Netw Open'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106219_bib0007',
'first-page': '1',
'article-title': 'Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine: a potential and controversial '
'treatment for COVID-19',
'volume': '1',
'author': 'Zou',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Arch Pharm Res'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106219_bib0008',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101791',
'article-title': 'Outcomes of 3,737 COVID-19 patients treated with '
'hydroxychloroquine/azithromycin and other regimens in Marseille, '
'France: A retrospective analysis',
'volume': '36',
'author': 'Lagier',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Travel Med Infect Dis'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106219_bib0009',
'series-title': 'Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the EU/EEA and the UK – eleventh '
'update, 10 August 2020; c2020',
'year': '2020'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106219_bib0010',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949',
'article-title': 'Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results '
'of an open label non-randomized clinical trial',
'author': 'Gautret',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Int J Antimicrob Agents'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106219_bib0011',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101663',
'article-title': 'Clinical and microbiological effect of a combination of '
'hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in 80 COVID-19 patients with at '
'least a six-day follow up: an observational study',
'author': 'Gautret',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Travel Med Infect Dis'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106219_bib0012',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101738',
'article-title': 'Early treatment of COVID-19 patients with hydroxychloroquine and '
'azithromycin: A retrospective analysis of 1061 cases in Marseille, '
'France',
'author': 'Million',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Travel Med Infect Dis'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106219_bib0013',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101632',
'article-title': 'Rapid viral diagnosis and ambulatory management of suspected COVID-19 '
'cases presenting at the infectious diseases referral hospital in '
'Marseille, France, - January 31st to March 1st, 2020: A respiratory '
'virus snapshot',
'author': 'Amrane',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Travel Med Infect Dis'},
{ 'issue': '8',
'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106219_bib0014',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'DOI': '10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.17533',
'article-title': 'Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outcomes in French Nursing Homes That '
'Implemented Staff Confinement With Residents',
'volume': '3',
'author': 'Belmin',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'JAMA Netw Open'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106219_bib0015',
'series-title': 'OpenSAFELY: factors associated with COVID-19-related hospital death in '
'the linked electronic health records of 17 million adult NHS patients. '
'[Preprint]',
'author': 'Collaborative',
'year': '2020'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106219_bib0016',
'unstructured': 'Louie JK, Scott HM, DuBois A, Sturtz N, Lu W, Stoltey J, et\xa0al. '
'Lessons from mass-testing for COVID-19 in long-term care facilities for '
'the elderly in San Francisco. Clin Infect Dis 2020:ciaa1020.'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106219_bib0017',
'first-page': '1',
'article-title': 'Atypical clinical presentation of COVID-19 infection in residents of a '
'long-term care facility',
'author': 'Blain',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Eur Geriatr Med'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106219_bib0018',
'article-title': 'Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in Belgian long-term care facilities',
'author': 'Hoxha',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Lancet Infect Dis'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106219_bib0019',
'article-title': 'COVID-19 mortality risk factors in older people in a long-term care '
'center',
'author': 'Heras',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Research square.'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106219_bib0020',
'first-page': '1',
'article-title': 'The association of treatment with hydroxychloroquine and hospital '
'mortality in COVID-19 patients',
'author': 'Ayerbe',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Intern Emerg Med'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106219_bib0021',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '396',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.099',
'article-title': 'Treatment with hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, and combination in '
'patients hospitalized with COVID-19',
'volume': '97',
'author': 'Arshad',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Int J Infect Dis'},
{ 'issue': '4',
'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106219_bib0022',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106144',
'article-title': 'Low-dose hydroxychloroquine therapy and mortality in hospitalised '
'patients with COVID-19: a nationwide observational study of 8075 '
'participants',
'volume': '56',
'author': 'Catteau',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Int J Antimicrob Agents'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106219_bib0023',
'article-title': '(CORIST) Collaboration. Use of hydroxychloroquine in hospitalised '
'COVID-19 patients is associated with reduced mortality: Findings from '
'the observational multicentre Italian CORIST study',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Eur J Intern Med'},
{ 'issue': '11',
'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106219_bib0024',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'DOI': '10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30305-2',
'article-title': 'Long-term hydroxychloroquine use in patients with rheumatic conditions '
'and development of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a retrospective cohort study',
'volume': '2',
'author': 'Gentry',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Lancet Rheumatol'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106219_bib0025',
'article-title': 'The unfinished story of hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19: the right '
'anti-inflammatory dose at the right moment',
'author': 'Dauby',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Int J Infect Dis'},
{ 'issue': '8',
'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106219_bib0026',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'DOI': '10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30146-8',
'article-title': 'The effect of frailty on survival in patients with COVID-19 (COPE): a '
'multicentre, European, observational cohort study',
'volume': '5',
'author': 'Hewitt',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Lancet Public Health'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106219_bib0027',
'series-title': "Arrêté du 26 mai 2020 complétant l'arrêté du 23 mars 2020 prescrivant "
"les mesures d'organisation et de fonctionnement du système de santé "
"nécessaires pour faire face à l'épidémie de Covid-19 dans le cadre de "
"l'état d'urgence sanitaire ; c2020",
'year': '2020'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106219_bib0028',
'series-title': 'Décret n° 2020-314 du 25 mars 2020 complétant le décret n° 2020-293 du '
'23 mars 2020 prescrivant les mesures générales nécessaires pour faire '
"face à l'épidémie de covid-19 dans le cadre de l'état d'urgence "
'sanitaire ; c2020',
'year': '2020'},
{ 'issue': '4',
'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106219_bib0029',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106129',
'article-title': 'Impact of medical care, including use of anti-infective agents, on '
'prognosis of COVID-19 hospitalized patients over time',
'volume': '56',
'author': 'Davido',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Int J Antimicrob Agents'}],
'container-title': 'International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents',
'original-title': [],
'language': 'en',
'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0924857920304301?httpAccept=text/xml',
'content-type': 'text/xml',
'content-version': 'vor',
'intended-application': 'text-mining'},
{ 'URL': 'https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0924857920304301?httpAccept=text/plain',
'content-type': 'text/plain',
'content-version': 'vor',
'intended-application': 'text-mining'}],
'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2022, 11, 27]],
'date-time': '2022-11-27T23:12:27Z',
'timestamp': 1669590747000},
'score': 1,
'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0924857920304301'}},
'subtitle': [],
'short-title': [],
'issued': {'date-parts': [[2020, 12]]},
'references-count': 29,
'journal-issue': {'issue': '6', 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2020, 12]]}},
'alternative-id': ['S0924857920304301'],
'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106219',
'relation': {},
'ISSN': ['0924-8579'],
'subject': ['Pharmacology (medical)', 'Infectious Diseases', 'Microbiology (medical)', 'General Medicine'],
'container-title-short': 'International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents',
'published': {'date-parts': [[2020, 12]]},
'assertion': [ {'value': 'Elsevier', 'name': 'publisher', 'label': 'This article is maintained by'},
{ 'value': 'Pattern of SARS-CoV-2 infection among dependant elderly residents living in '
'long-term care facilities in Marseille, France, March–June 2020',
'name': 'articletitle',
'label': 'Article Title'},
{ 'value': 'International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents',
'name': 'journaltitle',
'label': 'Journal Title'},
{ 'value': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106219',
'name': 'articlelink',
'label': 'CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version'},
{'value': 'article', 'name': 'content_type', 'label': 'Content Type'},
{ 'value': '© 2020 Elsevier Ltd and International Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. '
'All rights reserved.',
'name': 'copyright',
'label': 'Copyright'}],
'article-number': '106219'}
