Efficacy of the early treatment with tocilizumab-hydroxychloroquine and tocilizumab-remdesivir in severe COVID-19 Patients

DOI record: { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024", "ISSN": [ "1876-0341" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024", "alternative-id": [ "S1876034121003452" ], "assertion": [ { "label": "This article is maintained by", "name": "publisher", "value": "Elsevier" }, { "label": "Article Title", "name": "articletitle", "value": "Efficacy of the early treatment with tocilizumab-hydroxychloroquine and tocilizumab-remdesivir in severe COVID-19 Patients" }, { "label": "Journal Title", "name": "journaltitle", "value": "Journal of Infection and Public Health" }, { "label": "CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version", "name": "articlelink", "value": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024" }, { "label": "Content Type", "name": "content_type", "value": "article" }, { "label": "Copyright", "name": "copyright", "value": "© 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences." } ], "author": [ { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0781-6454", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Sarhan", "given": "Rania M.", "sequence": "first" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Harb", "given": "Hadeer S.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4434-6217", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Abou Warda", "given": "Ahmed E.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Salem-Bekhit", "given": "Mounir M.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6109-0885", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Shakeel", "given": "Faiyaz", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Alzahrani", "given": "Sami Ali", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Madney", "given": "Yasmin M.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4916-4359", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Boshra", "given": "Marian S.", "sequence": "additional" } ], "container-title": "Journal of Infection and Public Health", "container-title-short": "Journal of Infection and Public Health", "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": true, "domain": [ "clinicalkey.jp", "clinicalkey.com", "clinicalkey.es", "clinicalkey.fr", "clinicalkey.com.au", "elsevier.com", "sciencedirect.com" ] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 11, 3 ] ], "date-time": "2021-11-03T05:34:53Z", "timestamp": 1635917693000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 1, 9 ] ], "date-time": "2022-01-09T04:49:30Z", "timestamp": 1641703770000 }, "funder": [ { "DOI": "10.13039/501100002383", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "name": "King Saud University" } ], "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 12, 23 ] ], "date-time": "2023-12-23T05:58:28Z", "timestamp": 1703311108907 }, "is-referenced-by-count": 20, "issue": "1", "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 1 ] ] }, "journal-issue": { "issue": "1", "published-print": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 1 ] ] } }, "language": "en", "license": [ { "URL": "https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/", "content-version": "tdm", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 1, 1 ] ], "date-time": "2022-01-01T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1640995200000 } }, { "URL": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/", "content-version": "vor", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 10, 29 ] ], "date-time": "2021-10-29T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1635465600000 } } ], "link": [ { "URL": "https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S1876034121003452?httpAccept=text/xml", "content-type": "text/xml", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "text-mining" }, { "URL": "https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S1876034121003452?httpAccept=text/plain", "content-type": "text/plain", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "text-mining" } ], "member": "78", "original-title": [], "page": "116-122", "prefix": "10.1016", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 1 ] ] }, "published-print": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 1 ] ] }, "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "reference": [ { "DOI": "10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3", "article-title": "Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study", "author": "Zhou", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "journal-title": "Lancet", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0005", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.medmal.2020.05.001", "article-title": "Tocilizumab therapy reduced intensive care unit admissions and/or mortality in COVID-19 patients", "author": "Klopfenstein", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "397", "issue": "5", "journal-title": "Médecine Mal Infect", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0010", "volume": "50", "year": "2020" }, { "article-title": "Review of therapeutic agents for the treatment of COVID-19", "author": "Ziaie", "first-page": "32", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "J Cell Mol Anesth", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0015", "volume": "5", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0", "article-title": "Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro", "author": "Wang", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "269", "issue": "3", "journal-title": "Cell Res", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0020", "volume": "30", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00806-5", "article-title": "Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: an old drug against today’s diseases", "author": "Savarino", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "722", "issue": "11", "journal-title": "Lancet Infect Dis", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0025", "volume": "3", "year": "2003" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/art.27289", "article-title": "The protective effect of antimalarial drugs on thrombovascular events in systemic lupus erythematosus", "author": "Jung", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "863", "issue": "3", "journal-title": "Arthritis Rheum", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0030", "volume": "62", "year": "2010" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/jac/dkaa403", "article-title": "Efficacy of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "author": "Kashour", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "30", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "J Antimicrob Chemother", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0035", "volume": "76", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s11739-020-02505-x", "article-title": "The association of treatment with hydroxychloroquine and hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients", "author": "Ayerbe", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1501", "issue": "8", "journal-title": "Intern Emerg Med", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0040", "volume": "15", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.7326/M21-0857", "article-title": "Use of hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, and dexamethasone among adults hospitalized with COVID-19 in the United States: a retrospective cohort study", "author": "Mehta", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "journal-title": "Ann Intern Med", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0045", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104541", "article-title": "Broad-spectrum antiviral remdesivir inhibits human endemic and zoonotic deltacoronaviruses with a highly divergent RNA dependent RNA polymerase", "author": "Brown", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "journal-title": "Antiviral Res", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0050", "volume": "169", "year": "2019" }, { "DOI": "10.1001/jama.2020.16337", "article-title": "Efficacy of Remdesivir in COVID-19", "author": "McCreary", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1041", "issue": "11", "journal-title": "JAMA", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0055", "volume": "324", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/rmv.2187", "article-title": "Efficacy and safety of remdesivir in hospitalized Covid-19 patients: systematic review and meta-analysis including network meta-analysis", "author": "Elsawah", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "e2187", "issue": "4", "journal-title": "Rev Med Virol", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0060", "volume": "31", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.14741", "article-title": "Association of remdesivir treatment with survival and length of hospital stay among US veterans hospitalized with COVID-19", "author": "Ohl", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "issue": "7", "journal-title": "JAMA Network Open", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0065", "volume": "4", "year": "2021" }, { "article-title": "Remdesivir therapy in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "author": "Vegivinti", "journal-title": "Ann Med Surg", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0070", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1001/jama.2020.16349", "article-title": "Effect of remdesivir vs standard care on clinical status at 11 days in patients with moderate COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial", "author": "Spinner", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1048", "issue": "11", "journal-title": "JAMA", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0075", "volume": "324", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s40265-017-0829-7", "article-title": "Tocilizumab: a review in rheumatoid arthritis", "author": "Scott", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1865", "issue": "17", "journal-title": "Drugs", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0080", "volume": "77", "year": "2017" }, { "DOI": "10.1111/bph.15072", "article-title": "Current pharmacological treatments for COVID-19: what’s next?", "author": "Scavone", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "4813", "issue": "21", "journal-title": "Br J Pharmacol", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0085", "volume": "177", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1111/ijcp.14079", "article-title": "Therapeutic efficacy, mechanical ventilation, length of hospital stay, and mortality rate in severe COVID‐19 patients treated with tocilizumab", "author": "Sarhan", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "journal-title": "Int J Clin Pract", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0090", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.2005615117", "article-title": "Effective treatment of severe COVID-19 patients with tocilizumab", "author": "Xu", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "10970", "issue": "20", "journal-title": "Proc Natl Acad Sci", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0095", "volume": "117", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1164/rccm.201709-1845OC", "article-title": "Reliability and minimal clinically important differences of FVC. Results from the scleroderma lung studies (SLS-I and SLS-II)", "author": "Kafaja", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "644", "issue": "5", "journal-title": "Am J Respir Crit Care Med", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0100", "volume": "197", "year": "2018" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41586-020-2521-4", "article-title": "Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY", "author": "Williamson", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "430", "issue": "7821", "journal-title": "Nature", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0105", "volume": "584", "year": "2020" }, { "article-title": "Pilot prospective open, single-arm multicentre study on off-label use of tocilizumab in severe patients with COVID-19", "author": "Sciascia", "first-page": "529", "issue": "3", "journal-title": "Clin Exp Rheumatol", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0110", "volume": "38", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1186/s12967-020-02339-3", "article-title": "Why tocilizumab could be an effective treatment for severe COVID-19?", "author": "Fu", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "J Transl Med", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0115", "volume": "18", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/jmv.25801", "article-title": "Tocilizumab treatment in COVID‐19: a single-center experience", "author": "Luo", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "814", "issue": "7", "journal-title": "J Med Virol", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0120", "volume": "92", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101738", "article-title": "Early treatment of COVID-19 patients with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin: a retrospective analysis of 1061 cases in Marseille, France", "author": "Million", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "journal-title": "Travel Med Infect Dis", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0125", "volume": "35", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7", "article-title": "Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study", "author": "Chen", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "507", "issue": "10223", "journal-title": "Lancet", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0130", "volume": "395", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1001/jama.2020.5394", "article-title": "Baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1591 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy Region, Italy", "author": "Grasselli", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1574", "issue": "16", "journal-title": "JAMA", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0135", "volume": "323", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/rmv.2146", "article-title": "Predictors of COVID‐19 severity: a literature review", "author": "Gallo Marin", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Rev Med Virol", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0140", "volume": "31", "year": "2021" }, { "article-title": "Considering how biological sex impacts immune responses and COVID-19 outcomes", "author": "Scully", "first-page": "1", "journal-title": "Nat Rev Immunol", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0145", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1001/jama.2020.1585", "article-title": "Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China", "author": "Wang", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1061", "issue": "11", "journal-title": "JAMA", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0150", "volume": "323", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1056/NEJMoa2007016", "article-title": "Compassionate use of remdesivir for patients with severe Covid-19", "author": "Grein", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "2327", "issue": "24", "journal-title": "N Engl J Med", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0155", "volume": "382", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1056/NEJMoa1910993", "article-title": "A randomized, controlled trial of Ebola virus disease therapeutics", "author": "Mulangu", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "2293", "issue": "24", "journal-title": "N Engl J Med", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0160", "volume": "381", "year": "2019" }, { "article-title": "Alternative pricing models for remdesivir and other potential treatments for COVID-19", "author": "Whittington", "first-page": "1", "journal-title": "Inst Clin Econ Rev", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0165", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30079-5", "article-title": "Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study", "author": "Yang", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "475", "issue": "5", "journal-title": "Lancet Respir Med", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0170", "volume": "8", "year": "2020" }, { "article-title": "Remdesivir failure with SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase mutation in a B-cell immunodeficient patient with protracted Covid-19", "author": "Martinot", "journal-title": "Clin Infect Dis", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0175", "year": "2020" }, { "article-title": "A pilot study of hydroxychloroquine in treatment of patients with moderate COVID-19", "author": "Chen", "first-page": "215", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "Journal of Zhejiang University (Medical Science).", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0180", "volume": "49", "year": "2020" }, { "article-title": "The shortcomings of tocilizumab in COVID-19", "author": "Tirupathi", "first-page": "465", "issue": "4", "journal-title": "Infez Med", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0185", "volume": "28", "year": "2020" }, { "article-title": "What hepatologists need to know about COVID-19?", "author": "Yapali", "first-page": "41", "journal-title": "Hepatology", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0190", "volume": "2", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s12072-020-10077-3", "article-title": "Liver injury in remdesivir-treated COVID-19 patients", "author": "Zampino", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "881", "issue": "5", "journal-title": "Hepatol Int", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0195", "volume": "14", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.3748/wjg.v27.i5.377", "article-title": "Liver injury in the era of COVID-19", "author": "Cichoż-Lach", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "377", "issue": "5", "journal-title": "World J Gastroenterol", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0200", "volume": "27", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1111/bcp.14459", "article-title": "Serious adverse events with tocilizumab: Pharmacovigilance as an aid to prioritize monitoring in COVID-19", "author": "Gatti", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1533", "issue": "3", "journal-title": "Br J Clin Pharmacol", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0205", "volume": "87", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/jmv.25897", "article-title": "Off‐label use of tocilizumab in patients with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection", "author": "Di Giambenedetto", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "journal-title": "J Med Virol", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0210", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1177/1756284820959183", "article-title": "<? covid19?> Tocilizumab and liver injury in patients with COVID-19", "author": "Serviddio", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "journal-title": "Therap Adv Gastroenterol", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0215", "volume": "13", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s13238-020-00718-6", "article-title": "Recapitulation of SARS-CoV-2 infection and cholangiocyte damage with human liver ductal organoids", "author": "Zhao", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "771", "issue": "10", "journal-title": "Protein Cell", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0220", "volume": "11", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.aohep.2020.08.062", "article-title": "SARS-CoV-2 another kind of liver aggressor, how does it do that?", "author": "Lozano-Sepulveda", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "592", "issue": "6", "journal-title": "Ann Hepatol", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0225", "volume": "19", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jhep.2020.05.002", "article-title": "SARS-CoV-2 infection of the liver directly contributes to hepatic impairment in patients with COVID-19", "author": "Wang", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "807", "issue": "4", "journal-title": "J Hepatol", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0230", "volume": "73", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.3389/fmed.2020.00347", "article-title": "Liver injury in critically ill and non-critically ill COVID-19 patients: a multicenter, retrospective, observational study", "author": "Jiang", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "347", "journal-title": "Front Med", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0235", "volume": "7", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1056/NEJMoa2002032", "article-title": "Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China", "author": "Guan", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1708", "issue": "18", "journal-title": "N Engl J Med", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0240", "volume": "382", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/cid/ciaa954", "article-title": "Tocilizumab for treatment of mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19", "author": "Somers", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "e445", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "Clin Infect Dis", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0245", "volume": "73", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/cid/ciaa524", "article-title": "Coronavirus disease 2019, superinfections, and antimicrobial development: what can we expect?", "author": "Clancy", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "2736", "issue": "10", "journal-title": "Clin Infect Dis", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0250", "volume": "71", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1161/JAHA.120.018477", "article-title": "Troponin and other biomarker levels and outcomes among patients hospitalized with COVID‐19: derivation and validation of the HA2T2 COVID‐19 mortality risk score", "author": "Manocha", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "issue": "6", "journal-title": "J Am Heart Assoc", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0255", "volume": "10", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/medicina56120678", "article-title": "Update on COVID-19 myocarditis", "author": "Agdamag", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "678", "issue": "12", "journal-title": "Medicina", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0260", "volume": "56", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1055/s-0040-1721403", "article-title": "Will remdesivir reshape cardiovascular practice in COVID 19 era?", "author": "Idhrees", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "155", "issue": "02", "journal-title": "Int J Angiol", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0265", "volume": "30", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/ph14070611", "article-title": "Cardiac events potentially associated to remdesivir: an analysis from the european spontaneous adverse event reporting system", "author": "Rafaniello", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "611", "issue": "7", "journal-title": "Pharmaceuticals", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0270", "volume": "14", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1186/s12959-020-00236-9", "article-title": "Thrombotic events following tocilizumab therapy in critically ill COVID-19 patients: a Façade for prognostic markers", "author": "Atallah", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Thromb J", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0275", "volume": "18", "year": "2020" }, { "article-title": "Characteristics, treatment, outcomes and cause of death of invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS in Milan, Italy", "author": "Zangrillo", "first-page": "200", "issue": "3", "journal-title": "Crit Care Resusc", "key": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.024_bib0280", "volume": "22", "year": "2020" } ], "reference-count": 56, "references-count": 56, "relation": {}, "resource": { "primary": { "URL": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1876034121003452" } }, "score": 1, "short-title": [], "source": "Crossref", "subject": [ "Infectious Diseases", "Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health", "General Medicine" ], "subtitle": [], "title": "Efficacy of the early treatment with tocilizumab-hydroxychloroquine and tocilizumab-remdesivir in severe COVID-19 Patients", "type": "journal-article", "update-policy": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/elsevier_cm_policy", "volume": "15" }