Analgesics
Antiandrogens
Antihistamines
Azvudine
Bromhexine
Budesonide
Colchicine
Conv. Plasma
Curcumin
Famotidine
Favipiravir
Fluvoxamine
Hydroxychlor..
Ivermectin
Lifestyle
Melatonin
Metformin
Minerals
Molnupiravir
Monoclonals
Naso/orophar..
Nigella Sativa
Nitazoxanide
PPIs
Paxlovid
Quercetin
Remdesivir
Thermotherapy
Vitamins
More

Other
Feedback
Home
Top
Results
Abstract
All HCQ studies
Meta analysis
 
Feedback
Home
next
study
previous
study
c19hcq.org COVID-19 treatment researchHCQHCQ (more..)
Melatonin Meta
Metformin Meta
Antihistamines Meta
Azvudine Meta Molnupiravir Meta
Bromhexine Meta
Budesonide Meta
Colchicine Meta Nigella Sativa Meta
Conv. Plasma Meta Nitazoxanide Meta
Curcumin Meta PPIs Meta
Famotidine Meta Paxlovid Meta
Favipiravir Meta Quercetin Meta
Fluvoxamine Meta Remdesivir Meta
Hydroxychlor.. Meta Thermotherapy Meta
Ivermectin Meta

All Studies   Meta Analysis       

Utilization of COVID-19 Treatments and Clinical Outcomes among Patients with Cancer: A COVID-19 and Cancer Consortium (CCC19) Cohort Study

Rivera et al., Cancer Discovery, doi:10.1158/2159-8290.CD-20-0941
Jul 2020  
  Post
  Facebook
Share
  Source   PDF   All Studies   Meta AnalysisMeta
Mortality -2% Improvement Relative Risk HCQ for COVID-19  Rivera et al.  LATE TREATMENT Is late treatment with HCQ beneficial for COVID-19? Retrospective 506 patients in the USA No significant difference in mortality c19hcq.org Rivera et al., Cancer Discovery, July 2020 FavorsHCQ Favorscontrol 0 0.5 1 1.5 2+
HCQ for COVID-19
1st treatment shown to reduce risk in March 2020, now with p < 0.00000000001 from 419 studies, recognized in 46 countries.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments.
5,100+ studies for 110 treatments. c19hcq.org
Retrospective cancer patients, showing adjusted OR 1.03 [0.62-1.73] for HCQ. The study reports the number of HCQ+AZ patients but they do not provide results for HCQ+AZ (only HCQ + any other treatment). Significant confounding by indication and compassionate use is likely.
risk of death, 2.4% higher, RR 1.02, p = 0.92, treatment 44 of 179 (24.6%), control 59 of 327 (18.0%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates
Rivera et al., 22 Jul 2020, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, 45 authors.
This PaperHCQAll
Utilization of COVID-19 Treatments and Clinical Outcomes among Patients with Cancer: A COVID-19 and Cancer Consortium (CCC19) Cohort Study
Donna R Rivera, Solange Peters, Orestis A Panagiotou, Dimpy P Shah, Nicole M Kuderer, Chih-Yuan Hsu, Samuel M Rubinstein, Brendan J Lee, Toni K Choueiri, Gilberto De Lima Lopes, Petros Grivas, Corrie A Painter, Brian I Rini, Michael A Thompson, Jonathan Arcobello, Ziad Bakouny, Deborah B Doroshow, Pamela C Egan, Dimitrios Farmakiotis, Leslie A Fecher, Christopher R Friese, Matthew D Galsky, Sanjay Goel, Shilpa Gupta, Thorvardur R Halfdanarson, Balazs Halmos, Jessica E Hawley, Ali Raza Khaki, Christopher A Lemmon, Sanjay Mishra, Adam J Olszewski, Nathan A Pennell, Matthew M Puc, Sanjay G Revankar, Lidia Schapira, Andrew Schmidt, Gary K Schwartz, Sumit A Shah, Julie T Wu, Zhuoer Xie, Albert C Yeh, Huili Zhu, Yu Shyr, Gary H Lyman, Jeremy L Warner
Cancer Discovery, doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-0941
Among 2,186 U.S. adults with invasive cancer and laboratory-confi rmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, we examined the association of COVID-19 treatments with 30-day all-cause mortality and factors associated with treatment. Logistic regression with multiple adjustments (e.g., comorbidities, cancer status, baseline COVID-19 severity) was performed. Hydroxychloroquine with any other drug was associated with increased mortality versus treatment with any COVID-19 treatment other than hydroxychloroquine or untreated controls; this association was not present with hydroxychloroquine alone. Remdesivir had numerically reduced mortality versus untreated controls that did not reach statistical signifi cance. Baseline COVID-19 severity was strongly associated with receipt of any treatment. Black patients were approximately half as likely to receive remdesivir as white patients. Although observational studies can be limited by potential unmeasured confounding, our fi ndings add to the emerging understanding of patterns of care for patients with cancer and COVID-19 and support evaluation of emerging treatments through inclusive prospective controlled trials. SIGnIfICAnCE: Evaluating the potential role of COVID-19 treatments in patients with cancer in a large observational study, there was no statistically signifi cant 30-day all-cause mortality benefi t with hydroxychloroquine or high-dose corticosteroids alone or in combination; remdesivir showed potential benefi t. Treatment receipt refl ects clinical decision-making and suggests disparities in medication access.
Authors' Contributions
References
Adamsick, Gandhi, Bidell, Elshaboury, Bhattacharyya et al., Remdesivir in patients with acute or chronic kidney disease and COVID-19, J Am Soc Nephrol
Beigel, Tomashek, Dodd, Mehta, Zingman et al., Remdesivir for the treatment of Covid-19-preliminary report, N Engl J Med
Burton, Fort, Seoane, Hospitalization and mortality among black patients and white patients with Covid-19, N Engl J Med
Chowkwanyun, Reed, Racial health disparities and Covid-19-caution and context, N Engl J Med
Collins, Bowman, Landray, Peto, The magic of randomization versus the myth of real-world evidence, N Engl J Med
Core, R: A language and environment for statistical computing
Desai, Warner, Kuderer, Thompson, Painter et al., Crowdsourcing a crisis response for COVID-19 in oncology, Nat Cancer
Dyall, Coleman, Hart, Venkataraman, Holbrook et al., Repurposing of clinically developed drugs for treatment of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection, Antimicrob Agents Chemother
Friedman, Hastie, Tibshirani, Regularization paths for generalized linear models via coordinate descent, J Stat Softw
Garassino, Whisenant, Huang, Trama, Torri et al., COVID-19 in patients with thoracic malignancies (TERAVOLT): first results of an international, registry-based, cohort study, Lancet Oncol
Gautret, Lagier, Parola, Hoang, Meddeb et al., Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial, Int J Antimicrob Agents
Gehlenborg, UpSetR: a more scalable alternative to Venn and Euler diagrams for visualizing intersecting sets
Goldman, Lye, Hui, Marks, Bruno et al., Remdesivir for 5 or 10 days in patients with severe Covid-19, N Engl J Med
Grein, Ohmagari, Shin, Diaz, Asperges et al., Compassionate use of remdesivir for patients with severe Covid-19, N Engl J Med
Griffith, Morris, Tudball, Herbert, Mancano et al., Collider bias undermines our understanding of COVID-19 disease risk and severity, medRxiv
Guaraldi, Meschiari, Cozzi-Lepri, Milic, Tonelli et al., Tocilizumab in patients with severe COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study, Lancet Rheum
Harrell, Lee, Mark, Multivariable prognostic models: issues in developing models, evaluating assumptions and adequacy, and measuring and reducing errors, Stat Med
Harrell, R Foundation for Statistical Computing
Harrell, RMS: Regression modeling strategies
Ho, Imai, King, Stuart, MatchIt: nonparametric preprocessing for parametric causal inference, J Stat Softw
Khalatbari-Soltani, Cumming, Delpierre, Kelly-Irving, Importance of collecting data on socioeconomic determinants from the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak onwards, J Epidemiol Community Health
Kuderer, Choueiri, Shah, Shyr, Rubinstein et al., Clinical impact of COVID-19 on patients with cancer (CCC19): a cohort study, Lancet
Lee, Cazier, Starkey, Turnbull, Kerr et al., COVID-19 mortality in patients with cancer on chemotherapy or other anticancer treatments: a prospective cohort study, Lancet
Lex, Gehlenborg, Strobelt, Vuillemot, Pfister, UpSet: visualization of intersecting sets, IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph
Liang, Guan, Chen, Li, Xu, Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide analysis in China, Lancet Oncol
Mehra, Desai, Kuy, Henry, Patel, Retraction: cardiovascular disease, drug therapy, and mortality in covid-19, N Engl J Med
Mehra, Ruschitzka, Patel, Retraction-Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis, Lancet
Mehta, Goel, Kabarriti, Cole, Goldfinger et al., Case fatality rate of cancer patients with COVID-19 in a New York hospital system, Cancer Discov
Nipp, Hong, Paskett, Overcoming barriers to clinical trial enrollment, Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book
Recovery Collaborative Group, Horby, Lim, Emberson, Mafham et al., Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with covid-19-preliminary report, N Engl J Med
Richardson, Hirsch, Narasimhan, Crawford, Mcginn et al., Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York city area, JAMA
Robin, Turck, Hainard, Tiberti, Lisacek et al., pROC: an open-source package for R and S+ to analyze and compare ROC curves, BMC Bioinform
Rubinstein, Steinharter, Warner, Rini, Peters et al., The COVID-19 and cancer consortium: a collaborative effort to understand the effects of COVID-19 on patients with cancer, Cancer Cell
Russell, Millar, Baillie, Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury, Lancet
Salas, Hofman, Stricker, Confounding by indication: an example of variation in the use of epidemiologic terminology, Am J Epidemiol
Sheahan, Sims, Leist, Schäfer, Won et al., Comparative therapeutic efficacy of remdesivir and combination lopinavir, ritonavir, and interferon beta against MERS-CoV, Nat Commun
Skipper, Pastick, Engen, Bangdiwala, Abassi et al., Hydroxychloroquine in nonhospitalized adults with early COVID-19, Ann Int Med
Spring, Md, FDA
Spring, Md, None, FDA
Tian, Yuan, Xiao, Zhong, Yang et al., Clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with COVID-19 disease severity in patients with cancer in Wuhan, China: a multicentre, retrospective, cohort study, Lancet Oncol
Tingley, Yamamoto, Hirose, Keele, Imai, mediation: R package for causal mediation analysis, J Stat Softw
Van Der Pas, Scott, Chakraborty, Bhattacharya, Horseshoe: implementation of the horseshoe prior
Williamson, Walker, Bhaskaran, Bacon, Bates et al., OpenSAFELY: factors associated with COVID-19 death in 17 million patients, Nature
Yancy, COVID-19 and African Americans, JAMA
Yang, Sheng, Huang, Jin, Xiong et al., Clinical characteristics, outcomes, and risk factors for mortality in patients with cancer and COVID-19 in Hubei, China: a multicentre, retrospective, cohort study, Lancet Oncol
Yao, Ye, Zhang, Cui, Huang et al., In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Clin Infect Dis
Yu, Ouyang, Chua, Xie, SARS-CoV-2 Transmission in patients with cancer at a tertiary care hospital in Wuhan, China, JAMA Oncol
Zhang, Zhu, Xie, Wang, Wang et al., Clinical characteristics of COVID-19-infected cancer patients: a retrospective case study in three hospitals within Wuhan, China, Ann Oncol
Zimmermann, Ziesenitz, Curtis, Ritz, The Immunomodulatory effects of macrolides-a systematic review of the underlying mechanisms, Front Immunol
{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2024, 3, 23]], 'date-time': '2024-03-23T07:54:44Z', 'timestamp': 1711180484496}, 'reference-count': 49, 'publisher': 'American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)', 'issue': '10', 'funder': [ { 'DOI': '10.13039/100000048', 'name': 'American Cancer Society Hope Foundation', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'award': ['MRSG-16-152-01-CCE']}, { 'DOI': '10.13039/100000054', 'name': 'NCI', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'award': ['P30 CA013696']}, { 'DOI': '10.13039/100000054', 'name': 'NCI', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'award': ['P30 CA054174']}, { 'DOI': '10.13039/100000054', 'name': 'NCI', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'award': ['P30 CA068485']}, { 'DOI': '10.13039/100000054', 'name': 'NCI', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'award': ['P30 CA196521']}, { 'DOI': '10.13039/100000054', 'name': 'NCI', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'award': ['T32 CA009515']}, { 'DOI': '10.13039/100000054', 'name': 'NCI', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'award': ['T32 CA203703']}, { 'DOI': '10.13039/100000054', 'name': 'NCI', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'award': ['CA189828']}, { 'DOI': '10.13039/100000054', 'name': 'NCI', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'award': ['CA189974']}, { 'DOI': '10.13039/100000054', 'name': 'NCI', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'award': ['U01 CA231840']}, { 'DOI': '10.13039/100000051', 'name': 'National Human Genome Research Institute', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'award': ['T32 HG008341']}, { 'DOI': '10.13039/100000002', 'name': 'NIH NCATS', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'award': ['UL1 TR000445']}], 'content-domain': {'domain': ['aacrjournals.org'], 'crossmark-restriction': True}, 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2020, 10, 1]]}, 'abstract': '<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title />\n' ' <jats:p>Among 2,186 U.S. adults with invasive cancer and ' 'laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, we examined the association of COVID-19 treatments ' 'with 30-day all-cause mortality and factors associated with treatment. Logistic regression ' 'with multiple adjustments (e.g., comorbidities, cancer status, baseline COVID-19 severity) ' 'was performed. Hydroxychloroquine with any other drug was associated with increased mortality ' 'versus treatment with any COVID-19 treatment other than hydroxychloroquine or untreated ' 'controls; this association was not present with hydroxychloroquine alone. Remdesivir had ' 'numerically reduced mortality versus untreated controls that did not reach statistical ' 'significance. Baseline COVID-19 severity was strongly associated with receipt of any ' 'treatment. Black patients were approximately half as likely to receive remdesivir as white ' 'patients. Although observational studies can be limited by potential unmeasured confounding, ' 'our findings add to the emerging understanding of patterns of care for patients with cancer ' 'and COVID-19 and support evaluation of emerging treatments through inclusive prospective ' 'controlled trials.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Significance:</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Evaluating the potential role of COVID-19 treatments in patients ' 'with cancer in a large observational study, there was no statistically significant 30-day ' 'all-cause mortality benefit with hydroxychloroquine or high-dose corticosteroids alone or in ' 'combination; remdesivir showed potential benefit. Treatment receipt reflects clinical ' 'decision-making and suggests disparities in medication access.</jats:p>\n' ' <jats:p>This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. ' '1426</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec>', 'DOI': '10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-0941', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2020, 7, 22]], 'date-time': '2020-07-22T22:35:11Z', 'timestamp': 1595457311000}, 'page': '1514-1527', 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/crossmark_policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 99, 'title': 'Utilization of COVID-19 Treatments and Clinical Outcomes among Patients with Cancer: A COVID-19 ' 'and Cancer Consortium (CCC19) Cohort Study', 'prefix': '10.1158', 'volume': '10', 'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4565-4556', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Donna R.', 'family': 'Rivera', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': '1Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, NCI, ' 'Rockville, Maryland.'}]}, { 'given': 'Solange', 'family': 'Peters', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': '2Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, ' 'Switzerland.'}]}, { 'given': 'Orestis A.', 'family': 'Panagiotou', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': '3Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice, Brown ' 'University, Providence, Rhode Island.'}]}, { 'given': 'Dimpy P.', 'family': 'Shah', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': '4Department of Population Health Sciences, Mays Cancer Center, ' 'UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson, San Antonio, Texas.'}]}, { 'given': 'Nicole M.', 'family': 'Kuderer', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [{'name': '5Advanced Cancer Research Group, LLC, Kirkland, Washington.'}]}, { 'given': 'Chih-Yuan', 'family': 'Hsu', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': '6Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical ' 'Center, Nashville, Tennessee.'}]}, { 'given': 'Samuel M.', 'family': 'Rubinstein', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': '7Deparment of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, ' 'Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.'}]}, { 'given': 'Brendan J.', 'family': 'Lee', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': '7Deparment of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, ' 'Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.'}]}, { 'given': 'Toni K.', 'family': 'Choueiri', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': '8Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, ' 'Boston, Massachusetts.'}]}, { 'suffix': 'Jr.', 'given': 'Gilberto', 'family': 'de Lima Lopes', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': '9Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, ' 'Miami, Florida.'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3965-3394', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Petros', 'family': 'Grivas', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': '10Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of ' 'Washington, Seattle, Washington.'}, {'name': '11Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.'}]}, { 'given': 'Corrie A.', 'family': 'Painter', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [{'name': '12Count Me In, Cambridge, Massachusetts.'}]}, { 'given': 'Brian I.', 'family': 'Rini', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': '7Deparment of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, ' 'Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.'}]}, { 'given': 'Michael A.', 'family': 'Thompson', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [{'name': '13Advocate Aurora Health, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.'}]}, { 'given': 'Jonathan', 'family': 'Arcobello', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [{'name': '14Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan.'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1906-5704', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Ziad', 'family': 'Bakouny', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': '8Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, ' 'Boston, Massachusetts.'}]}, { 'given': 'Deborah B.', 'family': 'Doroshow', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': '15Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount ' 'Sinai, New York, New York.'}, { 'name': '16Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount ' 'Sinai, New York, New York.'}]}, { 'given': 'Pamela C.', 'family': 'Egan', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': '17Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, The ' 'Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, ' 'Rhode Island.'}]}, { 'given': 'Dimitrios', 'family': 'Farmakiotis', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': '18Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The ' 'Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, ' 'Rhode Island.'}]}, { 'given': 'Leslie A.', 'family': 'Fecher', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': '19Department of Internal Medicine, Rogel Cancer Center, ' 'University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.'}]}, { 'given': 'Christopher R.', 'family': 'Friese', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': '20School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, ' 'Michigan.'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7655-9378', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Matthew D.', 'family': 'Galsky', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': '15Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount ' 'Sinai, New York, New York.'}, { 'name': '16Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount ' 'Sinai, New York, New York.'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2798-7568', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Sanjay', 'family': 'Goel', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': '21Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical ' 'Center, Bronx, New York.'}]}, { 'given': 'Shilpa', 'family': 'Gupta', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': '22Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Cleveland ' 'Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8460-1257', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Thorvardur R.', 'family': 'Halfdanarson', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': '23Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, ' 'Minnesota.'}]}, { 'given': 'Balazs', 'family': 'Halmos', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': '21Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical ' 'Center, Bronx, New York.'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1720-5654', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Jessica E.', 'family': 'Hawley', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': '24Department of Medicine, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer ' 'Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New ' 'York.'}]}, { 'given': 'Ali Raza', 'family': 'Khaki', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': '10Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of ' 'Washington, Seattle, Washington.'}]}, { 'given': 'Christopher A.', 'family': 'Lemmon', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': '22Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Cleveland ' 'Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7775-9600', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Sanjay', 'family': 'Mishra', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [{'name': '25Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee.'}]}, { 'given': 'Adam J.', 'family': 'Olszewski', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': '17Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, The ' 'Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, ' 'Rhode Island.'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1458-0064', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Nathan A.', 'family': 'Pennell', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': '22Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Cleveland ' 'Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9281-2262', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Matthew M.', 'family': 'Puc', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': '26Department of Surgery, Section of Thoracic Surgery, Virtua ' 'Health, Marlton, New Jersey.'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7430-7078', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Sanjay G.', 'family': 'Revankar', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [{'name': '14Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan.'}]}, { 'given': 'Lidia', 'family': 'Schapira', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': '27Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford ' 'University, Palo Alto, California.'}]}, { 'given': 'Andrew', 'family': 'Schmidt', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': '8Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, ' 'Boston, Massachusetts.'}]}, { 'given': 'Gary K.', 'family': 'Schwartz', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': '24Department of Medicine, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer ' 'Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New ' 'York.'}]}, { 'given': 'Sumit A.', 'family': 'Shah', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': '27Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford ' 'University, Palo Alto, California.'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2388-1827', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Julie T.', 'family': 'Wu', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': '27Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford ' 'University, Palo Alto, California.'}]}, { 'given': 'Zhuoer', 'family': 'Xie', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': '23Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, ' 'Minnesota.'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3455-7360', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Albert C.', 'family': 'Yeh', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': '10Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of ' 'Washington, Seattle, Washington.'}]}, { 'given': 'Huili', 'family': 'Zhu', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': '15Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount ' 'Sinai, New York, New York.'}]}, { 'given': 'Yu', 'family': 'Shyr', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': '6Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical ' 'Center, Nashville, Tennessee.'}]}, { 'given': 'Gary H.', 'family': 'Lyman', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [{'name': '11Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2851-7242', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Jeremy L.', 'family': 'Warner', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': '7Deparment of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, ' 'Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.'}, { 'name': '28Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University ' 'Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.'}]}], 'member': '1086', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2020, 10, 1]]}, 'reference': [ { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '430', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41586-020-2521-4', 'article-title': 'OpenSAFELY: factors associated with COVID-19 death in 17 million ' 'patients', 'volume': '584', 'author': 'Williamson', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Nature'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1907', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31187-9', 'article-title': 'Clinical impact of COVID-19 on patients with cancer (CCC19): a cohort ' 'study', 'volume': '395', 'author': 'Kuderer', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Lancet'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib3', 'article-title': 'Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with covid-19—preliminary report', 'author': 'RECOVERY Collaborative Group', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'N Engl J Med'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib4', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '674', 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMsb1901642', 'article-title': 'The magic of randomization versus the myth of real-world evidence', 'volume': '382', 'author': 'Collins', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'N Engl J Med'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib5', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1820', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31324-6', 'article-title': 'Retraction—Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a ' 'macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis', 'volume': '395', 'author': 'Mehra', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Lancet'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib6', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2582', 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMc2021225', 'article-title': 'Retraction: cardiovascular disease, drug therapy, and mortality in ' 'covid-19', 'volume': '382', 'author': 'Mehra', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'N Engl J Med'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib7', 'first-page': '620', 'article-title': 'Importance of collecting data on socioeconomic determinants from the ' 'early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak onwards', 'volume': '74', 'author': 'Khalatbari-Soltani', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'J Epidemiol Community Health'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib8', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '4885', 'DOI': '10.1128/AAC.03036-14', 'article-title': 'Repurposing of clinically developed drugs for treatment of Middle East ' 'respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection', 'volume': '58', 'author': 'Dyall', 'year': '2014', 'journal-title': 'Antimicrob Agents Chemother'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib9', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '302', 'DOI': '10.3389/fimmu.2018.00302', 'article-title': 'The Immunomodulatory effects of macrolides-a systematic review of the ' 'underlying mechanisms', 'volume': '9', 'author': 'Zimmermann', 'year': '2018', 'journal-title': 'Front Immunol'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib10', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '105949', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949', 'article-title': 'Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results ' 'of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial', 'volume': '56', 'author': 'Gautret', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Int J Antimicrob Agents'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib11', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '732', 'DOI': '10.1093/cid/ciaa237', 'article-title': 'In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design ' 'of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory ' 'syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)', 'volume': '71', 'author': 'Yao', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Clin Infect Dis'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib12', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '473', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30317-2', 'article-title': 'Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for ' '2019-nCoV lung injury', 'volume': '395', 'author': 'Russell', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Lancet'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib13', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '222', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41467-019-13940-6', 'article-title': 'Comparative therapeutic efficacy of remdesivir and combination ' 'lopinavir, ritonavir, and interferon beta against MERS-CoV', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'Sheahan', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Nat Commun'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib14', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e474', 'DOI': '10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30173-9', 'article-title': 'Tocilizumab in patients with severe COVID-19: a retrospective cohort ' 'study', 'volume': '2', 'author': 'Guaraldi', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Lancet Rheum'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib15', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2052', 'DOI': '10.1001/jama.2020.6775', 'article-title': 'Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 ' 'patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York city area', 'volume': '323', 'author': 'Richardson', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'JAMA'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib16', 'article-title': 'FDA drug safety communication: azithromycin (zithromax or zmax) and the ' 'risk of potentially fatal heart rhythms [Internet]', 'author': 'Center for Drug Evaluation and Research', 'year': '2019'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib17', 'article-title': 'FDA cautions against use of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine for ' 'COVID-19 outside of the hospital setting or a clinical trial due to ' 'risk of heart rhythm problems [Internet]', 'author': 'Center for Drug Evaluation and Research', 'year': '2020'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib18', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1384', 'DOI': '10.1681/ASN.2020050589', 'article-title': 'Remdesivir in patients with acute or chronic kidney disease and ' 'COVID-19', 'volume': '31', 'author': 'Adamsick', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'J Am Soc Nephrol'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib19', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1891', 'DOI': '10.1001/jama.2020.6548', 'article-title': 'COVID-19 and African Americans', 'volume': '323', 'author': 'Yancy', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'JAMA'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib20', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2534', 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMsa2011686', 'article-title': 'Hospitalization and mortality among black patients and white patients ' 'with Covid-19', 'volume': '382', 'author': 'Price-Haywood', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'N Engl J Med'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib21', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '201', 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMp2012910', 'article-title': 'Racial health disparities and Covid-19—caution and context', 'volume': '383', 'author': 'Chowkwanyun', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'N Engl J Med'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib22', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '105', 'DOI': '10.1200/EDBK_243729', 'article-title': 'Overcoming barriers to clinical trial enrollment', 'volume': '39', 'author': 'Nipp', 'year': '2019', 'journal-title': 'Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib23', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1108', 'DOI': '10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.0980', 'article-title': 'SARS-CoV-2 Transmission in patients with cancer at a tertiary care ' 'hospital in Wuhan, China', 'volume': '6', 'author': 'Yu', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'JAMA Oncol'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib24', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '335', 'DOI': '10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30096-6', 'article-title': 'Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide analysis in China', 'volume': '21', 'author': 'Liang', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Lancet Oncol'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib25', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '893', 'DOI': '10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30309-0', 'article-title': 'Clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with COVID-19 ' 'disease severity in patients with cancer in Wuhan, China: a ' 'multicentre, retrospective, cohort study', 'volume': '21', 'author': 'Tian', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Lancet Oncol'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib26', 'first-page': '894', 'article-title': 'Clinical characteristics of COVID-19-infected cancer patients: a ' 'retrospective case study in three hospitals within Wuhan', 'volume': '31', 'author': 'Zhang', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'China'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib27', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1919', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31173-9', 'article-title': 'COVID-19 mortality in patients with cancer on chemotherapy or other ' 'anticancer treatments: a prospective cohort study', 'volume': '395', 'author': 'Lee', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Lancet'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib28', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '914', 'DOI': '10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30314-4', 'article-title': 'COVID-19 in patients with thoracic malignancies (TERAVOLT): first ' 'results of an international, registry-based, cohort study', 'volume': '21', 'author': 'Garassino', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Lancet Oncol'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib29', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '904', 'DOI': '10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30310-7', 'article-title': 'Clinical characteristics, outcomes, and risk factors for mortality in ' 'patients with cancer and COVID-19 in Hubei, China: a multicentre, ' 'retrospective, cohort study', 'volume': '21', 'author': 'Yang', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Lancet Oncol'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib30', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '935', 'DOI': '10.1158/2159-8290.CD-20-0516', 'article-title': 'Case fatality rate of cancer patients with COVID-19 in a New York ' 'hospital system', 'volume': '10', 'author': 'Mehta', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Cancer Discov'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib31', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.7326/M20-4207', 'article-title': 'Hydroxychloroquine in nonhospitalized adults with early COVID-19', 'author': 'Skipper', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Ann Int Med'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib32', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2327', 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMoa2007016', 'article-title': 'Compassionate use of remdesivir for patients with severe Covid-19', 'volume': '382', 'author': 'Grein', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'N Engl J Med'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib33', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMoa2015301', 'article-title': 'Remdesivir for 5 or 10 days in patients with severe Covid-19', 'author': 'Goldman', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'N Engl J Med'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib34', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMoa2007764', 'article-title': 'Remdesivir for the treatment of Covid-19—preliminary report', 'author': 'Beigel', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'N Engl J Med'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib35', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '981', 'DOI': '10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009758', 'article-title': 'Confounding by indication: an example of variation in the use of ' 'epidemiologic terminology', 'volume': '149', 'author': 'Salas', 'year': '1999', 'journal-title': 'Am J Epidemiol'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib36', 'article-title': 'Collider bias undermines our understanding of COVID-19 disease risk and ' 'severity', 'author': 'Griffith', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'medRxiv'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib37', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1038/s43018-020-0065-z', 'article-title': 'Crowdsourcing a crisis response for COVID-19 in oncology', 'author': 'Desai', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Nat Cancer'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib38', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '738', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ccell.2020.04.018', 'article-title': 'The COVID-19 and cancer consortium: a collaborative effort to ' 'understand the effects of COVID-19 on patients with cancer', 'volume': '37', 'author': 'Rubinstein', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Cancer Cell'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib39', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1983', 'DOI': '10.1109/TVCG.2014.2346248', 'article-title': 'UpSet: visualization of intersecting sets', 'volume': '20', 'author': 'Lex', 'year': '2014', 'journal-title': 'IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib40', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '361', 'DOI': '10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19960229)15:4<361::AID-SIM168>3.0.CO;2-4', 'article-title': 'Multivariable prognostic models: issues in developing models, ' 'evaluating assumptions and adequacy, and measuring and reducing errors', 'volume': '15', 'author': 'Harrell', 'year': '1996', 'journal-title': 'Stat Med'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib41', 'article-title': 'R: A language and environment for statistical computing', 'author': 'R Core Team', 'year': '2020'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib42', 'volume-title': 'RMS: Regression modeling strategies. R package version 6.0-0', 'author': 'Harrell', 'year': '2020'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib43', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1', 'DOI': '10.18637/jss.v042.i08', 'article-title': 'MatchIt: nonparametric preprocessing for parametric causal inference', 'volume': '42', 'author': 'Ho', 'year': '2011', 'journal-title': 'J Stat Softw'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib44', 'article-title': 'hmisc: harrell miscellaneous', 'author': 'Harrell', 'year': '2020'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib45', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1', 'DOI': '10.18637/jss.v033.i01', 'article-title': 'Regularization paths for generalized linear models via coordinate ' 'descent', 'volume': '33', 'author': 'Friedman', 'year': '2010', 'journal-title': 'J Stat Softw'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib46', 'article-title': 'Horseshoe: implementation of the horseshoe prior', 'author': 'van der Pas', 'year': '2020'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib47', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '77', 'DOI': '10.1186/1471-2105-12-77', 'article-title': 'pROC: an open-source package for R and S+ to analyze and compare ROC ' 'curves', 'volume': '12', 'author': 'Robin', 'year': '2011', 'journal-title': 'BMC Bioinform'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib48', 'article-title': 'UpSetR: a more scalable alternative to Venn and Euler diagrams for ' 'visualizing intersecting sets', 'author': 'Gehlenborg', 'year': '2019'}, { 'key': '2022060701051996000_bib49', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1', 'DOI': '10.18637/jss.v059.i05', 'article-title': 'mediation: R package for causal mediation analysis', 'volume': '59', 'author': 'Tingley', 'year': '2014', 'journal-title': 'J Stat Softw'}], 'container-title': 'Cancer Discovery', 'original-title': [], 'language': 'en', 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://aacrjournals.org/cancerdiscovery/article-pdf/10/10/1514/1794986/1514.pdf', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'syndication'}, { 'URL': 'https://aacrjournals.org/cancerdiscovery/article-pdf/10/10/1514/1794986/1514.pdf', 'content-type': 'unspecified', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2022, 6, 7]], 'date-time': '2022-06-07T01:05:54Z', 'timestamp': 1654563954000}, 'score': 1, 'resource': { 'primary': { 'URL': 'https://aacrjournals.org/cancerdiscovery/article/10/10/1514/6370/Utilization-of-COVID-19-Treatments-and-Clinical'}}, 'subtitle': [], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2020, 10, 1]]}, 'references-count': 49, 'journal-issue': { 'issue': '10', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2020, 10, 1]]}, 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2020, 10, 1]]}}, 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-20-0941', 'relation': { 'has-preprint': [ { 'id-type': 'doi', 'id': '10.1158/2159-8290.22536610.v1', 'asserted-by': 'object'}, { 'id-type': 'doi', 'id': '10.1158/2159-8290.22536610', 'asserted-by': 'object'}, { 'id-type': 'doi', 'id': '10.1158/2159-8290.c.6548182.v1', 'asserted-by': 'object'}, { 'id-type': 'doi', 'id': '10.1158/2159-8290.c.6548182', 'asserted-by': 'object'}]}, 'ISSN': ['2159-8274', '2159-8290'], 'subject': ['Oncology'], 'published': {'date-parts': [[2020, 10, 1]]}}
Late treatment
is less effective
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.
  or use drag and drop   
Submit