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Screening Large Population Health Databases for Potential COVID-19 Therapeutics: A Pharmacopeia-Wide Association Study (PWAS) of Commonly Prescribed Medications

MacFadden et al., Open Forum Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/ofid/ofac156
Mar 2022  
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Case 12% Improvement Relative Risk HCQ for COVID-19  MacFadden et al.  Prophylaxis Is pre-exposure prophylaxis with HCQ beneficial for COVID-19? Retrospective study in Canada (January - December 2020) Fewer cases with HCQ (p=0.015) c19hcq.org MacFadden et al., Open Forum Infectiou.., Mar 2022 FavorsHCQ Favorscontrol 0 0.5 1 1.5 2+
HCQ for COVID-19
1st treatment shown to reduce risk in March 2020, now with p < 0.00000000001 from 418 studies, recognized in 46 countries.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments.
5,000+ studies for 104 treatments. c19hcq.org
Retrospective 26,121 cases and 2,369,020 controls ≥65yo in Canada, showing lower cases with chronic use of HCQ.
risk of case, 12.0% lower, OR 0.88, p = 0.01, RR approximated with OR.
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates
MacFadden et al., 29 Mar 2022, retrospective, Canada, peer-reviewed, 9 authors, study period 15 January, 2020 - 31 December, 2020. Contact: dmacfadden@toh.ca.
This PaperHCQAll
Screening Large Population Health Databases for Potential Coronavirus Disease 2019 Therapeutics: A Pharmacopeia-Wide Association Study of Commonly Prescribed Medications
MD, ScD Derek R Macfadden, Kevin Brown, Sarah A Buchan, Hannah Chung, Rob Kozak, Jeffrey C Kwong, Doug Manuel, Samira Mubareka, Nick Daneman
Open Forum Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/ofid/ofac156
Background. For both the current and future pandemics, there is a need for high-throughput drug screening methods to identify existing drugs with potential preventive and/or therapeutic activity. Epidemiologic studies could complement laboratory-focused efforts to identify possible therapeutic agents. Methods. We performed a pharmacopeia-wide association study (PWAS) to identify commonly prescribed medications and medication classes that are associated with the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in older individuals (≥65 years) in long-term care homes (LTCHs) and the community, between 15 January 2020 and 31 December 2020, across the province of Ontario, Canada. Results. A total of 26 121 cases and 2 369 020 controls from LTCHs and the community were included in this analysis. Many of the drugs and drug classes evaluated did not yield significant associations with SARS-CoV-2 detection. However, some drugs and drug classes appeared to be significantly associated with reduced SARS-CoV-2 detection, including cardioprotective drug classes such as statins (weighted odds ratio [OR], 0.91; standard P < .01, adjusted P < .01) and β-blockers (weighted OR, 0.87; standard P < .01, adjusted P = .01), along with individual agents ranging from levetiracetam (weighted OR, 0.70; standard P < .01, adjusted P < .01) to fluoxetine (weighted OR, 0.86; standard P = .013, adjusted P = .198) to digoxin (weighted OR, 0.89; standard P < .01, adjusted P = .02). Conclusions. Using this epidemiologic approach, which can be applied to current and future pandemics, we have identified a variety of target drugs and drug classes that could offer therapeutic benefit in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and may warrant further validation. Some of these agents (eg, fluoxetine) have already been identified for their therapeutic potential.
Supplementary Data Supplementary materials are available at Open Forum Infectious Diseases online. Consisting of data provided by the authors to benefit the reader, the posted materials are not copyedited and are the sole responsibility of the authors, so questions or comments should be addressed to the corresponding author. Disclaimer. The opinions, results, and conclusions reported in this article are those of the authors and are independent from the funding sources. No endorsement by ICES, the Ontario Ministry of Health (MOH), or the Ontario Ministry of Long-Term Care (MLTC) is intended or should be inferred. Notes Financial support. This work was supported by the COVID-19 Emergency Response Fund from The Ottawa Hospital. This study was also supported by ICES, which is funded by an annual grant from the MOH and MLTC. We thank IQVIA Solutions Canada Inc for use of their Drug Information Database. Potential conflicts of interest. All authors: No reported conflicts of interest. All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript have been disclosed.
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