Analgesics
Antiandrogens
Antihistamines
Azvudine
Bromhexine
Budesonide
Colchicine
Conv. Plasma
Curcumin
Famotidine
Favipiravir
Fluvoxamine
Hydroxychlor..
Ivermectin
Lifestyle
Melatonin
Metformin
Minerals
Molnupiravir
Monoclonals
Naso/orophar..
Nigella Sativa
Nitazoxanide
PPIs
Paxlovid
Quercetin
Remdesivir
Thermotherapy
Vitamins
More

Other
Feedback
Home
Top
Results
Abstract
All HCQ studies
Meta analysis
 
Feedback
Home
next
study
previous
study
c19hcq.org COVID-19 treatment researchHCQHCQ (more..)
Melatonin Meta
Metformin Meta
Antihistamines Meta
Azvudine Meta Molnupiravir Meta
Bromhexine Meta
Budesonide Meta
Colchicine Meta Nigella Sativa Meta
Conv. Plasma Meta Nitazoxanide Meta
Curcumin Meta PPIs Meta
Famotidine Meta Paxlovid Meta
Favipiravir Meta Quercetin Meta
Fluvoxamine Meta Remdesivir Meta
Hydroxychlor.. Meta Thermotherapy Meta
Ivermectin Meta

All Studies   Meta Analysis       

One-year mortality and associated factors in older hospitalized COVID-19 survivors: a Nationwide Cohort Study in Korea

Kim et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-024-76871-3
Oct 2024  
  Post
  Facebook
Share
  Source   PDF   All Studies   Meta AnalysisMeta
Mortality 15% Improvement Relative Risk HCQ for COVID-19  Kim et al.  LATE TREATMENT Is late treatment with HCQ beneficial for COVID-19? Retrospective 63,369 patients in South Korea (Oct 2020 - Dec 2021) No significant difference in mortality c19hcq.org Kim et al., Scientific Reports, October 2024 FavorsHCQ Favorscontrol 0 0.5 1 1.5 2+
HCQ for COVID-19
1st treatment shown to reduce risk in March 2020, now with p < 0.00000000001 from 419 studies, recognized in 46 countries.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments.
5,100+ studies for 109 treatments. c19hcq.org
Retrospective 63,369 hospitalized COVID-19 survivors aged 60 years or older in Korea, showing lower 1-year mortality with macrolides (including azithromycin), higher 1-year mortality with corticosteroids (including dexamethasone and methylprednisolone), and no significant difference with HCQ (only used for 0.2% of patients).
risk of death, 15.0% lower, OR 0.85, p = 0.62, treatment 135, control 63,234, adjusted per study, multivariable, RR approximated with OR.
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates
Kim et al., 22 Oct 2024, retrospective, South Korea, peer-reviewed, 7 authors, study period 8 October, 2020 - 31 December, 2021. Contact: wido21@cau.ac.kr.
This PaperHCQAll
One-year mortality and associated factors in older hospitalized COVID-19 survivors: a Nationwide Cohort Study in Korea
Eunji Kim, Jeong-Yeon Kim, Kyoung Min Moon, Tae Wan Kim, Won-Young Kim, Sun‑young Jung, Moon Seong Baek
Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-024-76871-3
This study aimed to evaluate the 1-year mortality rate among older patients with COVID-19 discharged from hospital and to identify risk factors associated with this outcome. Using a COVID-19 dataset from the Korean National Health Insurance System, this study's evaluation period spanned from October 8, 2020, through December 31, 2021. The primary outcome was the 1-year mortality rate following hospital discharge. A logistic regression model was employed for multivariable analysis to estimate the odds ratios for the outcomes, and the Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze differences in 1-year survival rates. Among the 66,810 COVID-19 patients aged 60 years or older who were hospitalized during the study period, the in-hospital mortality rate was 4.8% (n = 3219). Among the survivors (n = 63,369), the 1-year mortality rate was 4.9% (n = 3093). Non-survivors, compared to survivors, were significantly older (79.2 ± 9.5 vs. 68.9 ± 7.8, P < 0.001) and exhibited a lower rate of COVID-19 vaccination (63.0% vs. 91.7%, P < 0.001). Additionally, non-survivors experienced a higher incidence of organ dysfunction, along with a greater proportion of required mechanical ventilation (14.6% vs. 1.0%, P < 0.001) and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (4.0% vs. 0.1%, P < 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified older age, male sex, cardiovascular disease, immunosuppression, organ dysfunction, illness severity, and corticosteroid use during hospitalization as factors associated with death within 1 year after hospital discharge. However, vaccination was found to have a long-term protective effect against death among COVID-19 survivors. The 1-year mortality rate after hospital discharge for older COVID-19 patients was comparable to the in-hospital mortality rate for these patients in Korea. The long-term mortality rate among hospitalized older COVID-19 patients was influenced by demographic factors and the severity of illness experienced during hospitalization.
Author contributions MSB and SYJ conceived and designed the study. EK, JYK, SYJ, and MSB collected the primary data and conducted data analyses. EK, KMM, TWK, WYK, SYJ, and MSB interpreted the results and prepared the first draft. All the authors revised the draft for important intellectual content and approved the final manuscript submitted for publication. Declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Ethics approval and consent to participate The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Chung-Ang University (1041078-20221111-BR-010). Informed consent was waived because data analyses were performed retrospectively using anonymized data from the South Korean NHIS database. All procedures in this study were performed according to the relevant guidelines and regulations. Consent for publication Not applicable. Additional information Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi. org/10.1038/s41598-024-76871-3 .
References
Adjaye-Gbewonyo, Vahratian, Perrine, Bertolli, Long COVID in adults: United States, NCHS Data Brief
Agarwal, Ziaeian, Lavie, Fonarow, Cardiovascular disease in hospitalized patients with a diagnosis of coronavirus from the pre-COVID-19 era in United States: national analysis from 2016-2017, Mayo Clin. Proc, doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.09.022
Baek, Lee, Kim, Choi, Jung, COVID-19-related outcomes in immunocompromised patients: a nationwide study in Korea, PLoS One, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0257641
Baptista, Vieira, Capela, Julião, Macedo, COVID-19 fatality rates in hospitalized patients: a new systematic review and meta-analysis, J. Infect. Public. Health, doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2023.07.006
Bowles, Surviving COVID-19 after Hospital discharge: symptom, functional, and adverse outcomes of home health recipients, Ann. Intern. Med, doi:10.7326/m20-5206
Buonsenso, Piazza, Boner, Bellanti, Long, A proposed hypothesis-driven model of viral persistence for the pathophysiology of the syndrome, Allergy Asthma Proc, doi:10.2500/aap.2022.43.220018
Cañas, Racial and ethnic disparities post-hospitalization for COVID-19: barriers to access to care for survivors of COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome, Sci. Rep, doi:10.1038/s41598-024-61097-0
Chen, Survival benefit of a third dose of the COVID-19 vaccine among hemodialysis patients: a prospective cohort study, J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect, doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2023.09.002
Cho, Song, Oh, Quality of life and long-term mortality among survivors of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a Nationwide Cohort Study in South Korea, Crit. Care Med, doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000005015
Choi, Song, Oh, Quality of life and mortality among survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome in South Korea: a nationwide cohort study, J. Anesth, doi:10.1007/s00540-022-03036-9
Davis, Mccorkell, Vogel, Topol, Long, Major findings, mechanisms and recommendations, Nat. Rev. Microbiol, doi:10.1038/s41579-022-00846-2
Di Bari, COVID-19, vulnerability, and long-term mortality in hospitalized and nonhospitalized older persons, J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc, doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2021.12.009
Dodd, Endpoints for randomized controlled clinical trials for COVID-19 treatments, Clin. Trials, doi:10.1177/1740774520939938
Fernández-De-Las-Peñas, Differences in Long-COVID symptoms between Vaccinated and non-vaccinated (BNT162b2 vaccine) hospitalized COVID-19 survivors infected with the delta variant, Vaccines, doi:10.3390/vaccines10091481
Graña, Efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines, Cochrane Database Syst. Rev
Guillon, Laurent, Godillon, Kimmoun, Grammatico-Guillon, Long-term mortality of elderly patients after intensive care unit admission for COVID-19, Intensive Care Med, doi:10.1007/s00134-021-06399-x
Günster, 6-month mortality and readmissions of hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a nationwide cohort study of 8,679 patients in Germany, PLoS One, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255427
Han, Jang, Oh, Excess mortality during the coronavirus disease pandemic in Korea, BMC Public. Health, doi:10.1186/s12889-023-16546-2
Holbig, Navigating the dual dilemma between lives, rights and livelihoods: COVID-19 responses in China, Singapore, and South Korea, Z. für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft, doi:10.1007/s12286-023-00555-x
Horby, Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19, N Engl. J. Med, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2021436
Huang, Health outcomes in people 2 years after surviving hospitalisation with COVID-19: a longitudinal cohort study, Lancet Respir. Med, doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(22)00126-6
Hägglöf, Bell, Zettersten, Engerström, Larsson, Long-term survival after intensive care for COVID-19: a nationwide cohort study of more than 8000 patients, Ann. Intensive Care, doi:10.1186/s13613-023-01156-3
Iwashyna, Late mortality after COVID-19 infection among US veterans vs risk-matched comparators: a 2-year cohort analysis, JAMA Intern. Med, doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.3587
Kamdar, Joblessness and lost earnings after acute respiratory distress syndrome in a 1-year national multicenter study, Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med, doi:10.1164/rccm.201611-2327OC
Lam, Persistence in risk and effect of COVID-19 vaccination on long-term health consequences after SARS-CoV-2 infection, Nat. Commun, doi:10.1038/s41467-024-45953-1
Merdji, Sex and gender differences in intensive care medicine, Intensive Care Med, doi:10.1007/s00134-023-07194-6
Mizrahi, Long covid outcomes at one year after mild SARS-CoV-2 infection: nationwide cohort study, Bmj, doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-072529
Munblit, Incidence and risk factors for persistent symptoms in adults previously hospitalized for COVID-19, Clin. Exp. Allergy, doi:10.1111/cea.13997
Munch, Effect of 12 mg vs 6 mg of Dexamethasone on the number of days alive without life support in adults with COVID-19 and severe hypoxemia: the COVID STEROID 2 Randomized Trial, Jama, doi:10.1001/jama.2021.18295
Nyberg, Risk of hospital admission for patients with SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7: cohort analysis, Bmj, doi:10.1136/bmj.n1412
Pazukhina, Prevalence and risk factors of post-COVID-19 condition in adults and children at 6 and 12 months after hospital discharge: a prospective, cohort study in Moscow (StopCOVID), BMC Med, doi:10.1186/s12916-022-02448-4
Pourhoseingholi, Predicting 1-year post-COVID-19 mortality based on chest computed tomography scan, J. Med. Virol, doi:10.1002/jmv.27146
Ramzi, Hospital readmissions and post-discharge all-cause mortality in COVID-19 recovered patients; a systematic review and meta-analysis, Am. J. Emerg. Med, doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2021.10.059
Santos, Predictors of early and long-term mortality after ICU discharge in critically ill COVID-19 patients: a prospective cohort study, PLoS One, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0293883
Thygesen, COVID-19 trajectories among 57 million adults in England: a cohort study using electronic health records, Lancet Digit. Health, doi:10.1016/s2589-7500(22)00091-7
Tsampasian, Risk factors Associated with Post-COVID-19 Condition: a systematic review and Meta-analysis, JAMA Intern. Med, doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.0750
Uusküla, Long-term mortality following SARS-CoV-2 infection: a national cohort study from Estonia, Lancet Reg. Health Eur, doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100394
Yan, Death toll of COVID-19 on Asian americans: disparities revealed, J. Gen. Intern. Med, doi:10.1007/s11606-021-07003-0
Zettersten, Long-term outcome after intensive care for COVID-19: differences between men and women-a nationwide cohort study, Crit. Care, doi:10.1186/s13054-021-03511-x
{ 'indexed': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 10, 29]], 'date-time': '2024-10-29T04:18:38Z', 'timestamp': 1730175518946, 'version': '3.28.0'}, 'reference-count': 41, 'publisher': 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 'issue': '1', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 10, 22]], 'date-time': '2024-10-22T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1729555200000}, 'content-version': 'tdm', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0'}, { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 10, 22]], 'date-time': '2024-10-22T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1729555200000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0'}], 'funder': [{'name': 'Biomedical Research Institute of Chung-Ang University Hospital', 'award': ['2023']}], 'content-domain': {'domain': ['link.springer.com'], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'DOI': '10.1038/s41598-024-76871-3', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 10, 22]], 'date-time': '2024-10-22T13:03:01Z', 'timestamp': 1729602181000}, 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'One-year mortality and associated factors in older hospitalized COVID-19 survivors: a Nationwide ' 'Cohort Study in Korea', 'prefix': '10.1038', 'volume': '14', 'author': [ {'given': 'Eunji', 'family': 'Kim', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Jeong-Yeon', 'family': 'Kim', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Kyoung Min', 'family': 'Moon', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Tae Wan', 'family': 'Kim', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Won-Young', 'family': 'Kim', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Sun‑Young', 'family': 'Jung', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Moon Seong', 'family': 'Baek', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '297', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2024, 10, 22]]}, 'reference': [ { 'key': '76871_CR1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': 'e542', 'DOI': '10.1016/s2589-7500(22)00091-7', 'volume': '4', 'author': 'JH Thygesen', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Thygesen, J. H. et al. COVID-19 trajectories among 57 million adults in ' 'England: a cohort study using electronic health records. Lancet Digit. ' 'Health. 4, e542–e557. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2589-7500(22)00091-7 ' '(2022).', 'journal-title': 'Lancet Digit. Health'}, { 'key': '76871_CR2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1606', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jiph.2023.07.006', 'volume': '16', 'author': 'A Baptista', 'year': '2023', 'unstructured': 'Baptista, A., Vieira, A. M., Capela, E., Julião, P. & Macedo, A. ' 'COVID-19 fatality rates in hospitalized patients: a new systematic ' 'review and meta-analysis. J. Infect. Public. Health. 16, 1606–1612. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2023.07.006 (2023).', 'journal-title': 'J. Infect. Public. Health'}, { 'key': '76871_CR3', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '863', 'DOI': '10.1016/s2213-2600(22)00126-6', 'volume': '10', 'author': 'L Huang', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Huang, L. et al. Health outcomes in people 2 years after surviving ' 'hospitalisation with COVID-19: a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet ' 'Respir. Med. 10, 863–876. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-2600(22)00126-6 ' '(2022).', 'journal-title': 'Lancet Respir Med.'}, { 'key': '76871_CR4', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '133', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41579-022-00846-2', 'volume': '21', 'author': 'HE Davis', 'year': '2023', 'unstructured': 'Davis, H. E., McCorkell, L., Vogel, J. M., Topol, E. J. & Long, C. O. V. ' 'I. D. Major findings, mechanisms and recommendations. Nat. Rev. ' 'Microbiol. 21, 133–146. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-022-00846-2 ' '(2023).', 'journal-title': 'Nat. Rev. Microbiol.'}, { 'key': '76871_CR5', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.3587', 'author': 'TJ Iwashyna', 'year': '2023', 'unstructured': 'Iwashyna, T. J. et al. Late mortality after COVID-19 infection among US ' 'veterans vs risk-matched comparators: a 2-year cohort analysis. JAMA ' 'Intern. Med. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.3587 (2023).', 'journal-title': 'JAMA Intern. Med.'}, { 'key': '76871_CR6', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '76', 'DOI': '10.1186/s13613-023-01156-3', 'volume': '13', 'author': 'E Hägglöf', 'year': '2023', 'unstructured': 'Hägglöf, E., Bell, M., Zettersten, E., Engerström, L. & Larsson, E. ' 'Long-term survival after intensive care for COVID-19: a nationwide ' 'cohort study of more than 8000 patients. Ann. Intensive Care 13, 76. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1186/s13613-023-01156-3 (2023).', 'journal-title': 'Ann. Intensive Care'}, { 'key': '76871_CR7', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '710', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00134-021-06399-x', 'volume': '47', 'author': 'A Guillon', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Guillon, A., Laurent, E., Godillon, L., Kimmoun, A. & ' 'Grammatico-Guillon, L. Long-term mortality of elderly patients after ' 'intensive care unit admission for COVID-19. Intensive Care Med. 47, ' '710–712. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-021-06399-x (2021).', 'journal-title': 'Intensive Care Med.'}, { 'key': '76871_CR8', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '472', 'DOI': '10.1177/1740774520939938', 'volume': '17', 'author': 'LE Dodd', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Dodd, L. E. et al. Endpoints for randomized controlled clinical trials ' 'for COVID-19 treatments. Clin. Trials 17, 472–482. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1177/1740774520939938 (2020).', 'journal-title': 'Clin. Trials'}, { 'key': '76871_CR9', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '267', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ajem.2021.10.059', 'volume': '51', 'author': 'ZS Ramzi', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Ramzi, Z. S. Hospital readmissions and post-discharge all-cause ' 'mortality in COVID-19 recovered patients; a systematic review and ' 'meta-analysis. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 51, 267–279. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2021.10.059 (2022).', 'journal-title': 'Am. J. Emerg. Med.'}, { 'key': '76871_CR10', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1513', 'DOI': '10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02796-3', 'volume': '399', 'author': 'Estimating excess mortality', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Estimating excess mortality. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic ' 'analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020-21. Lancet 399, 1513–1536. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02796-3 (2022).', 'journal-title': 'Lancet'}, { 'key': '76871_CR11', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1698', 'DOI': '10.1186/s12889-023-16546-2', 'volume': '23', 'author': 'C Han', 'year': '2023', 'unstructured': 'Han, C., Jang, H. & Oh, J. Excess mortality during the coronavirus ' 'disease pandemic in Korea. BMC Public. Health 23, 1698. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-16546-2 (2023).', 'journal-title': 'BMC Public. Health'}, { 'key': '76871_CR12', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1198', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jmii.2023.09.002', 'volume': '56', 'author': 'TH Chen', 'year': '2023', 'unstructured': 'Chen, T. H. et al. Survival benefit of a third dose of the COVID-19 ' 'vaccine among hemodialysis patients: a prospective cohort study. J. ' 'Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. 56, 1198–1206. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2023.09.002 (2023).', 'journal-title': 'J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect.'}, { 'key': '76871_CR13', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': 'e072529', 'DOI': '10.1136/bmj-2022-072529', 'volume': '380', 'author': 'B Mizrahi', 'year': '2023', 'unstructured': 'Mizrahi, B. et al. Long covid outcomes at one year after mild SARS-CoV-2 ' 'infection: nationwide cohort study. Bmj 380, e072529. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2022-072529 (2023).', 'journal-title': 'Bmj'}, { 'key': '76871_CR14', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': 'e0293883', 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pone.0293883', 'volume': '18', 'author': 'MMS Santos', 'year': '2023', 'unstructured': 'Santos, M. M. S. et al. Predictors of early and long-term mortality ' 'after ICU discharge in critically ill COVID-19 patients: a prospective ' 'cohort study. PLoS One 18, e0293883. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0293883 (2023).', 'journal-title': 'PLoS One'}, { 'key': '76871_CR15', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '5694', 'DOI': '10.1002/jmv.27146', 'volume': '93', 'author': 'MA Pourhoseingholi', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Pourhoseingholi, M. A. et al. Predicting 1-year post-COVID-19 mortality ' 'based on chest computed tomography scan. J. Med. Virol. 93, 5694–5696. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.27146 (2021).', 'journal-title': 'J. Med. Virol.'}, { 'key': '76871_CR16', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '414', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jamda.2021.12.009', 'volume': '23', 'author': 'M Di Bari', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Di Bari, M. et al. COVID-19, vulnerability, and long-term mortality in ' 'hospitalized and nonhospitalized older persons. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. ' '23, 414–420e411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2021.12.009 (2022).', 'journal-title': 'J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc.'}, { 'key': '76871_CR17', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '100394', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100394', 'volume': '18', 'author': 'A Uusküla', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Uusküla, A. et al. Long-term mortality following SARS-CoV-2 infection: a ' 'national cohort study from Estonia. Lancet Reg. Health Eur. 18, 100394. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100394 (2022).', 'journal-title': 'Lancet Reg. Health Eur.'}, { 'key': '76871_CR18', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '693', 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMoa2021436', 'volume': '384', 'author': 'P Horby', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Horby, P. et al. Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19. N ' 'Engl. J. Med. 384, 693–704. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2021436 ' '(2021).', 'journal-title': 'N Engl. J. Med.'}, { 'key': '76871_CR19', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1807', 'DOI': '10.1001/jama.2021.18295', 'volume': '326', 'author': 'MW Munch', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Munch, M. W. et al. Effect of 12\xa0mg vs 6\xa0mg of Dexamethasone on ' 'the number of days alive without life support in adults with COVID-19 ' 'and severe hypoxemia: the COVID STEROID 2 Randomized Trial. Jama 326, ' '1807–1817. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.18295 (2021).', 'journal-title': 'Jama'}, { 'key': '76871_CR20', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': 'e0255427', 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pone.0255427', 'volume': '16', 'author': 'C Günster', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Günster, C. et al. 6-month mortality and readmissions of hospitalized ' 'COVID-19 patients: a nationwide cohort study of 8,679 patients in ' 'Germany. PLoS One 16, e0255427. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255427 (2021).', 'journal-title': 'PLoS One'}, { 'key': '76871_CR21', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1155', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00134-023-07194-6', 'volume': '49', 'author': 'H Merdji', 'year': '2023', 'unstructured': 'Merdji, H. et al. Sex and gender differences in intensive care medicine. ' 'Intensive Care Med. 49, 1155–1167. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-023-07194-6 (2023).', 'journal-title': 'Intensive Care Med.'}, { 'key': '76871_CR22', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '86', 'DOI': '10.1186/s13054-021-03511-x', 'volume': '25', 'author': 'E Zettersten', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Zettersten, E. et al. Long-term outcome after intensive care for ' 'COVID-19: differences between men and women-a nationwide cohort study. ' 'Crit. Care 25, 86. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-021-03511-x (2021).', 'journal-title': 'Crit. Care'}, { 'key': '76871_CR23', 'unstructured': 'Graña, C. et al. Efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines. Cochrane ' 'Database Syst. Rev. 12 Cd015477 (2022).'}, { 'key': '76871_CR24', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '566', 'DOI': '10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.0750', 'volume': '183', 'author': 'V Tsampasian', 'year': '2023', 'unstructured': 'Tsampasian, V. et al. Risk factors Associated with Post-COVID-19 ' 'Condition: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Intern. Med. 183, ' '566–580. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.0750 (2023).', 'journal-title': 'JAMA Intern. Med.'}, { 'key': '76871_CR25', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1716', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41467-024-45953-1', 'volume': '15', 'author': 'ICH Lam', 'year': '2024', 'unstructured': 'Lam, I. C. H. et al. Persistence in risk and effect of COVID-19 ' 'vaccination on long-term health consequences after SARS-CoV-2 infection. ' 'Nat. Commun. 15, 1716. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45953-1 ' '(2024).', 'journal-title': 'Nat. Commun.'}, { 'key': '76871_CR26', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': 'Fernández-de-Las-Peñas, C. et al. Differences in Long-COVID symptoms ' 'between Vaccinated and non-vaccinated (BNT162b2 vaccine) hospitalized ' 'COVID-19 survivors infected with the delta variant. Vaccines (Basel) 10 ' 'https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10091481 (2022).', 'DOI': '10.3390/vaccines10091481'}, { 'key': '76871_CR27', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '187', 'DOI': '10.2500/aap.2022.43.220018', 'volume': '43', 'author': 'D Buonsenso', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Buonsenso, D., Piazza, M., Boner, A. L., Bellanti, J. A. & Long, C. O. ' 'V. I. D. A proposed hypothesis-driven model of viral persistence for the ' 'pathophysiology of the syndrome. Allergy Asthma Proc. 43, 187–193. ' 'https://doi.org/10.2500/aap.2022.43.220018 (2022).', 'journal-title': 'Allergy Asthma Proc.'}, { 'key': '76871_CR28', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '244', 'DOI': '10.1186/s12916-022-02448-4', 'volume': '20', 'author': 'E Pazukhina', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Pazukhina, E. et al. Prevalence and risk factors of post-COVID-19 ' 'condition in adults and children at 6 and 12 months after hospital ' 'discharge: a prospective, cohort study in Moscow (StopCOVID). BMC Med. ' '20, 244. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-022-02448-4 (2022).', 'journal-title': 'BMC Med.'}, { 'key': '76871_CR29', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1107', 'DOI': '10.1111/cea.13997', 'volume': '51', 'author': 'D Munblit', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Munblit, D. et al. Incidence and risk factors for persistent symptoms in ' 'adults previously hospitalized for COVID-19. Clin. Exp. Allergy. 51, ' '1107–1120. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.13997 (2021).', 'journal-title': 'Clin. Exp. Allergy'}, { 'key': '76871_CR30', 'unstructured': 'Patients Diagnosed with Post-COVID Conditions. An analysis of private ' 'healthcare claims using the oficial ICD-10 diagnostic code. ' 'http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/9918504887106676'}, { 'key': '76871_CR31', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': 'e771', 'DOI': '10.1097/ccm.0000000000005015', 'volume': '49', 'author': 'HW Cho', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Cho, H. W., Song, I. A. & Oh, T. K. Quality of life and long-term ' 'mortality among survivors of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a ' 'Nationwide Cohort Study in South Korea. Crit. Care Med. 49, e771–e780. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1097/ccm.0000000000005015 (2021).', 'journal-title': 'Crit. Care Med.'}, { 'key': '76871_CR32', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1012', 'DOI': '10.1164/rccm.201611-2327OC', 'volume': '196', 'author': 'BB Kamdar', 'year': '2017', 'unstructured': 'Kamdar, B. B. et al. Joblessness and lost earnings after acute ' 'respiratory distress syndrome in a 1-year national multicenter study. ' 'Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med. 196, 1012–1020. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201611-2327OC (2017).', 'journal-title': 'Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med.'}, { 'key': '76871_CR33', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '3545', 'DOI': '10.1007/s11606-021-07003-0', 'volume': '36', 'author': 'BW Yan', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Yan, B. W. et al. Death toll of COVID-19 on Asian americans: disparities ' 'revealed. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 36, 3545–3549. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-021-07003-0 (2021).', 'journal-title': 'J. Gen. Intern. Med.'}, { 'key': '76871_CR34', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '707', 'DOI': '10.1007/s12286-023-00555-x', 'volume': '16', 'author': 'H Holbig', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Holbig, H. Navigating the dual dilemma between lives, rights and ' 'livelihoods: COVID-19 responses in China, Singapore, and South Korea. Z. ' 'für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft 16, 707–731. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s12286-023-00555-x (2022).', 'journal-title': 'Z. für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft'}, { 'key': '76871_CR35', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Adjaye-Gbewonyo, D., Vahratian, A., Perrine, C. G. & Bertolli, J. Long ' 'COVID in adults: United States, 2022. NCHS Data Brief., 1–8. (2023).', 'DOI': '10.15620/cdc:132417'}, { 'key': '76871_CR36', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '11556', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41598-024-61097-0', 'volume': '14', 'author': 'A Cañas', 'year': '2024', 'unstructured': 'Cañas, A. et al. Racial and ethnic disparities post-hospitalization for ' 'COVID-19: barriers to access to care for survivors of COVID-19 acute ' 'respiratory distress syndrome. Sci. Rep. 14, 11556. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-61097-0 (2024).', 'journal-title': 'Sci. Rep.'}, { 'key': '76871_CR37', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '316', 'DOI': '10.7326/m20-5206', 'volume': '174', 'author': 'KH Bowles', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Bowles, K. H. et al. Surviving COVID-19 after Hospital discharge: ' 'symptom, functional, and adverse outcomes of home health recipients. ' 'Ann. Intern. Med. 174, 316–325. https://doi.org/10.7326/m20-5206 (2021).', 'journal-title': 'Ann. Intern. Med.'}, { 'key': '76871_CR38', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': 'n1412', 'DOI': '10.1136/bmj.n1412', 'volume': '373', 'author': 'T Nyberg', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Nyberg, T. et al. Risk of hospital admission for patients with ' 'SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7: cohort analysis. Bmj 373, n1412. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n1412 (2021).', 'journal-title': 'Bmj'}, { 'key': '76871_CR39', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '2674', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.09.022', 'volume': '95', 'author': 'MA Agarwal', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Agarwal, M. A., Ziaeian, B., Lavie, C. J. & Fonarow, G. C. ' 'Cardiovascular disease in hospitalized patients with a diagnosis of ' 'coronavirus from the pre-COVID-19 era in United States: national ' 'analysis from 2016–2017. Mayo Clin. Proc. 95, 2674–2683. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.09.022 (2020).', 'journal-title': 'Mayo Clin. Proc.'}, { 'key': '76871_CR40', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': 'e0257641', 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pone.0257641', 'volume': '16', 'author': 'MS Baek', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Baek, M. S., Lee, M. T., Kim, W. Y., Choi, J. C. & Jung, S. Y. ' 'COVID-19-related outcomes in immunocompromised patients: a nationwide ' 'study in Korea. PLoS One 16, e0257641. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257641 (2021).', 'journal-title': 'PLoS One'}, { 'key': '76871_CR41', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '230', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00540-022-03036-9', 'volume': '36', 'author': 'HR Choi', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Choi, H. R., Song, I. A. & Oh, T. K. Quality of life and mortality among ' 'survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome in South Korea: a ' 'nationwide cohort study. J. Anesth. 36, 230–238. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s00540-022-03036-9 (2022).', 'journal-title': 'J. Anesth.'}], 'container-title': 'Scientific Reports', 'original-title': [], 'language': 'en', 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-76871-3.pdf', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-76871-3', 'content-type': 'text/html', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-76871-3.pdf', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 10, 22]], 'date-time': '2024-10-22T13:09:51Z', 'timestamp': 1729602591000}, 'score': 1, 'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-76871-3'}}, 'subtitle': [], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2024, 10, 22]]}, 'references-count': 41, 'journal-issue': {'issue': '1', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2024, 12]]}}, 'alternative-id': ['76871'], 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-76871-3', 'relation': { 'has-preprint': [ { 'id-type': 'doi', 'id': '10.21203/rs.3.rs-4427690/v1', 'asserted-by': 'object'}]}, 'ISSN': ['2045-2322'], 'subject': [], 'container-title-short': 'Sci Rep', 'published': {'date-parts': [[2024, 10, 22]]}, 'assertion': [ { 'value': '16 May 2024', 'order': 1, 'name': 'received', 'label': 'Received', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'value': '17 October 2024', 'order': 2, 'name': 'accepted', 'label': 'Accepted', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'value': '22 October 2024', 'order': 3, 'name': 'first_online', 'label': 'First Online', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, {'order': 1, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Declarations'}}, { 'value': 'The authors declare no competing interests.', 'order': 2, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Competing interests'}}, { 'value': 'The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Chung-Ang ' 'University (1041078-20221111-BR-010). Informed consent was waived because data ' 'analyses were performed retrospectively using anonymized data from the South ' 'Korean NHIS database. All procedures in this study were performed according to ' 'the relevant guidelines and regulations.', 'order': 3, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Ethics approval and consent to participate'}}, { 'value': 'Not applicable.', 'order': 4, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Consent for publication'}}], 'article-number': '24889'}
Late treatment
is less effective
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.
  or use drag and drop   
Submit