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All Studies   Meta Analysis       

Low dose of hydroxychloroquine is associated with reduced COVID-19 mortality: a multicenter study in China

He et al., Frontiers of Medicine, doi:10.1007/s11684-025-1123-9, NCT05615792
Mar 2025  
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Mortality, all patients 66% Improvement Relative Risk Mortality, low dose 74% Ventilation, all patients 25% Ventilation, low dose 27% ARDS, all patients 41% ARDS, low dose 49% AKI, all patients 31% AKI, low dose 30% Acute heart injury, all patie.. 38% Acute heart injury, low dose 39% HCQ for COVID-19  He et al.  LATE TREATMENT Is late treatment with HCQ beneficial for COVID-19? Retrospective 53,030 patients in China (December 2019 - August 2021) Lower mortality (p<0.0001) and ventilation (p=0.05) c19hcq.org He et al., Frontiers of Medicine, March 2025 FavorsHCQ Favorscontrol 0 0.5 1 1.5 2+
HCQ for COVID-19
1st treatment shown to reduce risk in March 2020, now with p < 0.00000000001 from 421 studies, recognized in 57 countries.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments.
5,400+ studies for 117 treatments. c19hcq.org
PSM retrospective 53,030 hospitalized patients in China showing low dose HCQ treatment associated with significantly lower all-cause mortality, mechanical ventilation, acute heart injury, and acute kidney injury, with benefits consistent across mild and critically ill patients.
Standard of Care (SOC) for COVID-19 in the study country, China, is average with moderate efficacy for approved treatments1.
risk of death, 66.0% lower, HR 0.34, p < 0.001, treatment 830, control 830, all patients, propensity score matching, Kaplan–Meier.
risk of death, 74.0% lower, HR 0.26, p < 0.001, treatment 800, control 800, low dose, propensity score matching, Kaplan–Meier.
risk of mechanical ventilation, 24.8% lower, HR 0.75, p = 0.05, treatment 841, control 52,189, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, all patients, Kaplan–Meier.
risk of mechanical ventilation, 27.0% lower, HR 0.73, p = 0.04, treatment 800, control 52,189, low dose, Kaplan–Meier.
ARDS, 40.8% lower, HR 0.59, p = 0.21, treatment 841, control 52,189, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, all patients, Kaplan–Meier.
ARDS, 49.0% lower, HR 0.51, p = 0.13, treatment 800, control 52,189, low dose, Kaplan–Meier.
AKI, 31.0% lower, HR 0.69, p = 0.005, treatment 841, control 52,189, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, all patients, Kaplan–Meier.
AKI, 30.0% lower, HR 0.70, p = 0.008, treatment 800, control 52,189, low dose, Kaplan–Meier.
acute heart injury, 37.9% lower, HR 0.62, p = 0.03, treatment 841, control 52,189, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, all patients, Kaplan–Meier.
acute heart injury, 39.0% lower, HR 0.61, p = 0.02, treatment 800, control 52,189, low dose, Kaplan–Meier.
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates
He et al., 4 Mar 2025, retrospective, China, peer-reviewed, 9 authors, study period 29 December, 2019 - 31 August, 2021, trial NCT05615792 (history). Contact: dwwang@tjh.tjmu.edu.cn.
This PaperHCQAll
Late treatment
is less effective
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.
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