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All Studies   Meta Analysis    Recent:   

Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics in Individuals with Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection During the Early COVID-19 Pandemic in Saudi Arabia

Alhamlan et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.07.13.21260428
Jul 2021  
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Mortality -52% Improvement Relative Risk HCQ for COVID-19  Alhamlan et al.  LATE TREATMENT Is late treatment with HCQ beneficial for COVID-19? Retrospective study in Saudi Arabia Higher mortality with HCQ (not stat. sig., p=0.58) c19hcq.org Alhamlan et al., medRxiv, July 2021 FavorsHCQ Favorscontrol 0 0.5 1 1.5 2+
HCQ for COVID-19
1st treatment shown to reduce risk in March 2020
 
*, now with p < 0.00000000001 from 417 studies, recognized in 46 countries.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments. * >10% efficacy, ≥3 studies.
4,800+ studies for 102 treatments. c19hcq.org
Retrospective hospitalized patients in Saudi Arabia showing higher mortality with most treatments although not reaching statistical significance. Confounding by indication, time, or other factors is likely (a 19x higher risk with lopinavir/ritonavir and 3.5x higher risk with azithromycin is not supported by other studies for example). The number of patients treated with HCQ is not provided.
This study is excluded in the after exclusion results of meta analysis: substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely; substantial confounding by time likely due to declining usage over the early stages of the pandemic when overall treatment protocols improved dramatically.
risk of death, 52.0% higher, HR 1.52, p = 0.57.
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates
Alhamlan et al., 16 Jul 2021, retrospective, database analysis, Saudi Arabia, preprint, 10 authors.
This PaperHCQAll
Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics in Individuals with Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection During the Early COVID-19 Pandemic in Saudi Arabia
Fatimah S Alhamlan, Reem S Almaghrabi, Edward B Devol, Anwar B Alotaibi, Saleh M Alageel, Dalia A Obeid, Basem M Alraddadi, Sahar I Althawadi, Maysoon S Mutabagani, Ahmed A Al-Qahtani
doi:10.1101/2021.07.13.21260428
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the catastrophic coronavirus disease 2019 global pandemic. This study aimed to provide epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of patients with confirmed COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia and to determine whether characteristic profiles differ between patients who are symptomatic vs. asymptomatic for the disease. The first 492 consecutive patients diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre in Saudi Arabia between March and September 2020 were included in this study. An electronic case report form developed using REDCap was used to collect data for each patient, including demographic characteristics, virus exposure (travel history, and human and animal contact), vaccination history, comorbidities, signs and symptoms, laboratory and radiographic reports, cardiac workup, medications, treatment regimens, and patient outcome. This patient cohort was 54% male, with 20.4% aged more than 60 years, 19.9% aged 31 to 40 years, and 17% aged 41 to 50 years. Most patients (79.2%) were symptomatic. Variables that significantly differed between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients were age, blood oxygen saturation percentage, hemoglobin level, lymphocyte count, neutrophil to lymphocyte (NTL) ratio, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level, and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level. Asymptomatic patients were mostly younger, with lower body mass index and ALT and AST levels but higher lymphocyte counts, NTL ratio, and CD4, CD8, natural killer cell, IgG, and IgM levels. The median incubation period reported for this cohort was 16 day, with upper and lower 95% quartiles of 27 and 10 days, respectively. Factors associated with increased risk of mortality were age (older than 42 years) and comorbidities, including specifically diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Patients who were not given an antiviral regimen were associated with better prognosis than patients who received an antiviral regimen (HR, 0.07; 95% CI, 0.011-0.25). Similar to countries worldwide, Saudi Arabia has explored treatment options to save the lives of patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our analyses will inform clinicians as well as policy makers to adopt the best strategies for SARS-CoV-2 infection management and treatment options. INTRODUCTION
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The ' 'first 492 consecutive patients diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection at King Faisal Specialist ' 'Hospital and Research Centre in Saudi Arabia between March and September 2020 were included ' 'in this study. An electronic case report form developed using REDCap was used to collect data ' 'for each patient, including demographic characteristics, virus exposure (travel history, and ' 'human and animal contact), vaccination history, comorbidities, signs and symptoms, laboratory ' 'and radiographic reports, cardiac workup, medications, treatment regimens, and patient ' 'outcome. This patient cohort was 54% male, with 20.4% aged more than 60 years, 19.9% aged 31 ' 'to 40 years, and 17% aged 41 to 50 years. Most patients (79.2%) were symptomatic. Variables ' 'that significantly differed between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients were age, blood ' 'oxygen saturation percentage, hemoglobin level, lymphocyte count, neutrophil to lymphocyte ' '(NTL) ratio, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level, and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) ' 'level. Asymptomatic patients were mostly younger, with lower body mass index and ALT and AST ' 'levels but higher lymphocyte counts, NTL ratio, and CD4, CD8, natural killer cell, IgG, and ' 'IgM levels. The median incubation period reported for this cohort was 16 day, with upper and ' 'lower 95% quartiles of 27 and 10 days, respectively. Factors associated with increased risk ' 'of mortality were age (older than 42 years) and comorbidities, including specifically ' 'diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Patients who were not given an antiviral regimen were ' 'associated with better prognosis than patients who received an antiviral regimen (HR, 0.07; ' '95% CI, 0.011-0.25). 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Late treatment
is less effective
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