Not All Ivermectin Is Created Equal: Comparing The Quality of 11 Different Ivermectin Sources

Ivermectin, better known for antiparasitic activity, is a broad spectrum antiviral with activity against many viruses including H7N769, Dengue35,70,71, HIV-171, Simian virus 4072, Zika35,73,74, West Nile74, Yellow Fever75,76, Japanese encephalitis75, Chikungunya76, Semliki Forest virus76, Human papillomavirus55, Epstein-Barr55, BK Polyomavirus77, and Sindbis virus76.

Ivermectin inhibits importin-α/β-dependent nuclear import of viral proteins69,71,72,78, shows spike-ACE2 disruption at 1nM with microfluidic diffusional sizing36, binds to glycan sites on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein preventing interaction with blood and epithelial cells and inhibiting hemagglutination39,79, shows dose-dependent inhibition of wildtype and omicron variants34, exhibits dose-dependent inhibition of lung injury59,64, may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 via IMPase inhibition35, may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 induced formation of fibrin clots resistant to degradation8, inhibits SARS-CoV-2 3CL^pro52, may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 RdRp activity27, may minimize viral myocarditis by inhibiting NF-κB/p65-mediated inflammation in macrophages58, may be beneficial for COVID-19 ARDS by blocking GSDMD and NET formation80, may interfere with SARS-CoV-2's immune evasion via ORF8 binding3, may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 by disrupting CD147 interaction81-84, shows protection against inflammation, cytokine storm, and mortality in an LPS mouse model sharing key pathological features of severe COVID-1957,85, may be beneficial in severe COVID-19 by binding IGF1 to inhibit the promotion of inflammation, fibrosis, and cell proliferation that leads to lung damage7, may minimize SARS-CoV-2 induced cardiac damage38,46, increases Bifidobacteria which play a key role in the immune system86, has immunomodulatory49 and anti-inflammatory68,87 properties, and has an extensive and very positive safety profile88.