0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Kim (RCT) not reported, >3.5 years late 65 (total) Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control PRINCIPLE Butler (RCT) not reported, >3 years late 400 (est. total) Smith (RCT) 64% 0.36 [0.02-7.70] hosp. 0/7 1/9 Mitjà (RCT) 16% 0.84 [0.35-2.03] hosp. 8/136 11/157 Skipper (RCT) 49% 0.51 [0.15-1.66] hosp. 4/231 8/234 PRECISE Sarwar (RCT) not reported, >3 years late 137 (total) PHYTCOVID-19 Sow (RCT) not reported, >3 years late 231 (total) Omrani (RCT) 12% 0.88 [0.26-2.94] hosp. 7/304 4/152 PROTECT Akram (RCT) not reported, >2.5 years late 550 (total) Okasha (RCT) not reported, >2.5 years late 100 (est. total) Gül (RCT) not reported, >2.5 years late 1,120 (total) Kara (RCT) not reported, >2 years late 1,008 (total) Rodrigues (RCT) -200% 3.00 [0.13-71.6] hosp. 1/42 0/42 HyAzOUT Aston (RCT) not reported, >1.5 years late 1,550 (est. total) AMBUCOV Pineda (RCT) not reported, >1.5 years late 132 (est. total) Avezum (RCT) 23% 0.77 [0.52-1.12] hosp. 44/689 57/683 PROLIFIC Genton (RCT) not reported, >9 months late 800 (est. total) Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.096 Early treatment 24% 0.76 [0.55-1.05] 64/1,409 81/1,277 24% lower risk PREP-COVID Treluyer (RCT) not reported, >3 years late 122 (total) Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Niriella (RCT) not reported, >3 years late 402 (total) COVID-Milit Ajili (RCT) not reported, >3 years late 660 (est. total) HERO Connor (RCT) not reported, >3 years late 374 (est. total) COVID-SHIELD Pellegrini (RCT) not reported, >3 years late 2,250 (est. total) COVID PREP Rajasingham (RCT) 50% 0.50 [0.03-7.97] hosp. 1/989 1/494 Burney (RCT) not reported, >3 years late 374 (est. total) PREVICHARM Morales-Ase.. (RCT) not reported, >2.5 years late 1,930 (est. total) PROLIFIC James (RCT) not reported, >2.5 years late 500 (est. total) Moraes (RCT) not reported, >2.5 years late 400 (est. total) HCQPreP Chauffe (RCT) not reported, >2 years late 1,700 (est. total) ELEVATE Granados-Mo.. (RCT) not reported, >2 years late 214 (est. total) PROTECT Nanni (RCT) not reported, >2 years late 2,300 (est. total) COPCOV White (RCT) not reported, >1.5 years late 4,652 (total) Gagneux-Bru.. (RCT) not reported, >1.5 years late 118 (total) HOPE Tirupakuzhi.. (RCT) 52% 0.48 [0.04-5.26] hosp. 1/211 2/203 Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.45 PrEP 51% 0.49 [0.08-2.99] 2/1,200 3/697 51% lower risk BCN-PEP-CoV2 Mitjà (RCT) 17% 0.83 [0.41-1.71] hosp. 13/1,196 17/1,301 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control PEACE Sarwar (RCT) not reported, >3 years late 125 (total) HCQ COVID-19 PEP Barnabas (RCT) -4% 1.04 [0.07-16.5] hosp. 1/407 1/422 APCC-19 Abu-Helalah (RCT) not reported, >2.5 years late 93 (est. total) Borrie (RCT) not reported, >2 years late 336 (est. total) González (RCT) not reported, >1.5 years late 129 (total) HCQ-COVID19 Al Ansari (RCT) not reported, >1.5 years late 500 (est. total) Ghanem-Zoubi (RCT) not reported, >1 year late 582 (est. total) Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.64 PEP 16% 0.84 [0.42-1.69] 14/1,603 18/1,723 16% lower risk All studies 23% 0.77 [0.58-1.02] 80/4,212 102/3,697 23% lower risk HCQ COVID-19 early treatment and prophylaxis RCT hospitalization results c19hcq.org October 2023 Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.069 Favors HCQ Favors control