0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Kim (RCT) not reported, >3.5 years late 65 (total) Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control PRINCIPLE Butler (RCT) not reported, >3 years late 400 (est. total) Smith (RCT) 64% 0.36 [0.02-7.70] hosp. 0/7 1/9 Mitjà (RCT) 16% 0.84 [0.35-2.03] hosp. 8/136 11/157 Skipper (RCT) 37% 0.63 [0.21-1.91] death/hosp. 5/231 8/234 PRECISE Sarwar (RCT) not reported, >3 years late 137 (total) PHYTCOVID-19 Sow (RCT) not reported, >3 years late 231 (total) Omrani (RCT) 12% 0.88 [0.26-2.94] hosp. 7/304 4/152 PROTECT Akram (RCT) not reported, >2.5 years late 550 (total) Okasha (RCT) not reported, >2.5 years late 100 (est. total) Gül (RCT) not reported, >2.5 years late 1,120 (total) Amaravadi (RCT) 60% 0.40 [0.13-1.28] no recov. 3/15 6/12 Kara (RCT) not reported, >2 years late 1,008 (total) Sobngwi (RCT) 52% 0.48 [0.09-2.58] no recov. 2/95 4/92 Rodrigues (RCT) -200% 3.00 [0.13-71.6] hosp. 1/42 0/42 Atipornwan.. (RCT) -150% 2.50 [0.10-59.6] progression 1/60 0/30 HyAzOUT Aston (RCT) not reported, >1.5 years late 1,550 (est. total) AMBUCOV Pineda (RCT) not reported, >1.5 years late 132 (est. total) Avezum (RCT) 1% 0.99 [0.29-3.41] death 5/687 5/682 Roy-García (RCT) -100% 2.00 [0.19-20.9] progression 2/31 1/31 PROLIFIC Genton (RCT) not reported, >9 months late 800 (est. total) Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.22 Early treatment 25% 0.75 [0.48-1.18] 34/1,608 40/1,441 25% lower risk PREP-COVID Treluyer (RCT) not reported, >3 years late 122 (total) Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Niriella (RCT) not reported, >3 years late 402 (total) COVID-Milit Ajili (RCT) not reported, >3 years late 660 (est. total) HERO Connor (RCT) not reported, >3 years late 374 (est. total) COVID-SHIELD Pellegrini (RCT) not reported, >3 years late 2,250 (est. total) Grau-Pujol (RCT) 11% 0.89 [0.06-14.2] cases 1/142 1/127 COVID PREP Rajasingham (RCT) 50% 0.50 [0.03-7.97] hosp. 1/989 1/494 PATCH Abella (RCT) 5% 0.95 [0.25-3.63] cases 4/64 4/61 Burney (RCT) not reported, >3 years late 374 (est. total) PREVICHARM Morales-Ase.. (RCT) not reported, >2.5 years late 1,930 (est. total) Seet (RCT) 35% 0.65 [0.43-0.99] symp. case 29/432 64/619 PROLIFIC James (RCT) not reported, >2.5 years late 500 (est. total) Moraes (RCT) not reported, >2.5 years late 400 (est. total) Rojas-Serrano (RCT) 82% 0.18 [0.02-1.59] symp. case 1/62 6/65 Syed (RCT) -60% 1.60 [0.63-4.04] symp. case 10/48 6/46 HCQPreP Chauffe (RCT) not reported, >2 years late 1,700 (est. total) ELEVATE Granados-Mo.. (RCT) not reported, >2 years late 214 (est. total) HERO-HCQ Naggie (RCT) 24% 0.76 [0.51-1.14] symp. case 41/683 53/676 PROTECT Nanni (RCT) not reported, >2 years late 2,300 (est. total) WHIP COVID-19 McKinnon (RCT) 2% 0.98 [0.09-10.7] symp. case 2/365 1/178 COPCOV White (RCT) not reported, >1.5 years late 4,652 (total) Gagneux-Bru.. (RCT) not reported, >1.5 years late 118 (total) HOPE Tirupakuzhi.. (RCT) -196% 2.96 [0.12-72.3] progression 1/211 0/203 EPICOS Polo (RCT) 51% 0.49 [0.00-2.29] symp. case 3/224 5/211 Nasri (RCT) 92% 0.08 [0.01-0.76] symp. case 0/70 6/73 Llanos-Cuen.. (RCT) -69% 1.69 [0.41-7.11] cases 5/36 3/32 Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.029 PrEP 24% 0.76 [0.59-0.97] 98/3,326 150/2,785 24% lower risk Boulware (RCT) 17% 0.83 [0.58-1.18] cases 49/414 58/407 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control BCN-PEP-CoV2 Mitjà (RCT) 46% 0.54 [0.16-1.80] death 4/1,196 8/1,301 PEACE Sarwar (RCT) not reported, >3 years late 125 (total) HCQ COVID-19 PEP Barnabas (RCT) -4% 1.04 [0.07-16.5] hosp. 1/407 1/422 APCC-19 Abu-Helalah (RCT) not reported, >2.5 years late 93 (est. total) Borrie (RCT) not reported, >2 years late 336 (est. total) González (RCT) not reported, >1.5 years late 129 (total) HCQ-COVID19 Al Ansari (RCT) not reported, >1.5 years late 500 (est. total) Ghanem-Zoubi (RCT) not reported, >1 year late 582 (est. total) Dhibar (RCT) 27% 0.73 [0.40-1.35] symp. case 17/574 24/594 Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.11 PEP 21% 0.79 [0.59-1.06] 71/2,591 91/2,724 21% lower risk All studies 23% 0.77 [0.64-0.91] 203/7,525 281/6,950 23% lower risk HCQ COVID-19 early treatment and prophylaxis RCTs c19hcq.org October 2023 Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.0031 Effect extraction pre-specified(most serious outcome, see appendix) Favors HCQ Favors control