0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Kim (RCT) not reported, >3.5 years late 65 (total) Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control PRINCIPLE Butler (RCT) not reported, >3 years late 400 (est. total) Smith (RCT) 64% 0.36 [0.02-7.70] hosp. 0/7 1/9 Mitjà (RCT) 16% 0.84 [0.35-2.03] hosp. 8/136 11/157 Skipper (RCT) 37% 0.63 [0.21-1.91] death/hosp. 5/231 8/234 PRECISE Sarwar (RCT) not reported, >3 years late 137 (total) PHYTCOVID-19 Sow (RCT) not reported, >3 years late 231 (total) Omrani (RCT) 12% 0.88 [0.26-2.94] hosp. 7/304 4/152 PROTECT Akram (RCT) not reported, >2.5 years late 550 (total) Okasha (RCT) not reported, >2.5 years late 100 (est. total) Gül (RCT) not reported, >2.5 years late 1,120 (total) Amaravadi (RCT) 60% 0.40 [0.13-1.28] no recov. 3/15 6/12 Kara (RCT) not reported, >2 years late 1,008 (total) Sobngwi (RCT) 52% 0.48 [0.09-2.58] no recov. 2/95 4/92 Rodrigues (RCT) -200% 3.00 [0.13-71.6] hosp. 1/42 0/42 Atipornwan.. (RCT) -150% 2.50 [0.10-59.6] progression 1/60 0/30 HyAzOUT Aston (RCT) not reported, >1.5 years late 1,550 (est. total) AMBUCOV Pineda (RCT) not reported, >1.5 years late 132 (est. total) Avezum (RCT) 1% 0.99 [0.29-3.41] death 5/687 5/682 Roy-García (RCT) -100% 2.00 [0.19-20.9] progression 2/31 1/31 PROLIFIC Genton (RCT) not reported, >9 months late 800 (est. total) Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.22 Early treatment 25% 0.75 [0.48-1.18] 34/1,608 40/1,441 25% lower risk Chen (RCT) 29% 0.71 [0.29-1.74] progression 5/15 7/15 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Chen (RCT) 57% 0.43 [0.19-0.97] pneumonia 6/31 14/31 Tang (RCT) 21% 0.79 [0.38-1.62] viral+ 11/75 14/75 RECOVERY RECOVERY Co.. (RCT) -9% 1.09 [0.97-1.23] death 421/1,561 790/3,155 Chen (RCT) 20% 0.80 [0.42-1.52] recov. time 18 (n) 12 (n) Farooq (RCT) not reported, >3 years late 75 (est. total) Chen (RCT) 24% 0.76 [0.20-2.84] viral+ 4/21 3/12 Lyngbakken (RCT) 4% 0.96 [0.06-14.6] death 1/27 1/26 Cavalcanti (RCT) 16% 0.84 [0.28-2.53] death 8/331 5/173 Novartis (RCT) 71% 0.29 [0.01-6.03] no disch. 0/7 1/5 Mežnar (RCT) not reported, >3 years late 90 (est. total) El-Sherbiny (RCT) not reported, >3 years late 40 (est. total) TEACH Ulrich (RCT) -6% 1.06 [0.38-2.98] death 7/67 6/61 Ader (RCT) -15% 1.15 [0.55-2.27] death 11/150 13/149 SOLIDARITY SOLIDARITY .. (RCT) -19% 1.19 [0.89-1.59] death 104/947 84/906 Dubee (RCT) 46% 0.54 [0.21-1.42] death 6/124 11/123 ORCHID Self (RCT) -6% 1.06 [0.57-1.87] death 25/241 25/236 WellStar (RCT) not reported, >2.5 years late 700 (est. total) Johnston (RCT) 30% 0.70 [0.19-2.54] hosp. 5/148 4/83 COSTA Levi (RCT) not reported, >2.5 years late 250 (est. total) Hernandez-C.. (RCT) 12% 0.88 [0.51-1.53] death 106 (n) 108 (n) Purwati (RCT) 66% 0.34 [0.26-0.44] viral+ 38/121 111/119 Beltran Gon.. (RCT) 63% 0.37 [0.08-1.73] death 2/33 6/37 Mordmüller (RCT) not reported, >2.5 years late 30 (total) TOGETHER Reis (RCT) 66% 0.34 [0.01-8.30] death 0/214 1/227 Réa-Neto (RCT) -57% 1.57 [0.79-3.13] death 16/53 10/52 FACCT Bosaeed (RCT) 4% 0.96 [0.49-1.91] death 14/125 15/129 Sivapalan (RCT) 92% 0.08 [0.00-11.7] death 1/61 2/56 Byakika-Ki.. (RCT) 0% 1.00 [0.56-1.75] recov. time 36 (n) 29 (n) Singh (RCT) 48% 0.53 [0.15-1.82] death 3/20 6/21 Schwartz (RCT) -133% 2.33 [0.10-56.1] ICU 1/111 0/37 Barrat-Due (RCT) -120% 2.20 [0.40-10.8] death 4/45 2/48 Panda (RCT) 48% 0.53 [0.15-1.82] death 3/20 6/21 Babalola (RCT) -55% 1.55 [0.88-2.72] no disch. 17/30 11/30 Atipornwan.. (RCT) 56% 0.44 [0.19-1.02] death 7/100 16/100 Sarhan (RCT) 26% 0.74 [0.38-1.44] death 12/56 15/52 AlQahtani (RCT) 24% 0.76 [0.18-3.25] ICU 3/51 4/52 Hawari (RCT) not reported, >1 year late 110 (est. total) REMAP-CAP Higgins (RCT) -51% 1.51 [0.98-2.29] death 16/41 107/311 Spivak (RCT) -73% 1.73 [0.52-5.78] hosp. 7/152 4/150 Tau​2​ = 0.16, I​2​ = 67.4%, p = 0.12 Late treatment 15% 0.85 [0.69-1.04] 758/5,138 1,294/6,641 15% lower risk PREP-COVID Treluyer (RCT) not reported, >3 years late 122 (total) Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Niriella (RCT) not reported, >3 years late 402 (total) COVID-Milit Ajili (RCT) not reported, >3 years late 660 (est. total) HERO Connor (RCT) not reported, >3 years late 374 (est. total) COVID-SHIELD Pellegrini (RCT) not reported, >3 years late 2,250 (est. total) Grau-Pujol (RCT) 11% 0.89 [0.06-14.2] cases 1/142 1/127 COVID PREP Rajasingham (RCT) 50% 0.50 [0.03-7.97] hosp. 1/989 1/494 PATCH Abella (RCT) 5% 0.95 [0.25-3.63] cases 4/64 4/61 Burney (RCT) not reported, >3 years late 374 (est. total) PREVICHARM Morales-Ase.. (RCT) not reported, >2.5 years late 1,930 (est. total) Seet (RCT) 35% 0.65 [0.43-0.99] symp. case 29/432 64/619 PROLIFIC James (RCT) not reported, >2.5 years late 500 (est. total) Moraes (RCT) not reported, >2.5 years late 400 (est. total) Rojas-Serrano (RCT) 82% 0.18 [0.02-1.59] symp. case 1/62 6/65 Syed (RCT) -60% 1.60 [0.63-4.04] symp. case 10/48 6/46 HCQPreP Chauffe (RCT) not reported, >2 years late 1,700 (est. total) ELEVATE Granados-Mo.. (RCT) not reported, >2 years late 214 (est. total) HERO-HCQ Naggie (RCT) 24% 0.76 [0.51-1.14] symp. case 41/683 53/676 PROTECT Nanni (RCT) not reported, >2 years late 2,300 (est. total) WHIP COVID-19 McKinnon (RCT) 2% 0.98 [0.09-10.7] symp. case 2/365 1/178 COPCOV White (RCT) not reported, >1.5 years late 4,652 (total) Gagneux-Bru.. (RCT) not reported, >1.5 years late 118 (total) HOPE Tirupakuzhi.. (RCT) -196% 2.96 [0.12-72.3] progression 1/211 0/203 EPICOS Polo (RCT) 51% 0.49 [0.00-2.29] symp. case 3/224 5/211 Nasri (RCT) 92% 0.08 [0.01-0.76] symp. case 0/70 6/73 Llanos-Cuen.. (RCT) -69% 1.69 [0.41-7.11] cases 5/36 3/32 Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.029 PrEP 24% 0.76 [0.59-0.97] 98/3,326 150/2,785 24% lower risk Boulware (RCT) 17% 0.83 [0.58-1.18] cases 49/414 58/407 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control BCN-PEP-CoV2 Mitjà (RCT) 46% 0.54 [0.16-1.80] death 4/1,196 8/1,301 PEACE Sarwar (RCT) not reported, >3 years late 125 (total) HCQ COVID-19 PEP Barnabas (RCT) -4% 1.04 [0.07-16.5] hosp. 1/407 1/422 APCC-19 Abu-Helalah (RCT) not reported, >2.5 years late 93 (est. total) Borrie (RCT) not reported, >2 years late 336 (est. total) González (RCT) not reported, >1.5 years late 129 (total) HCQ-COVID19 Al Ansari (RCT) not reported, >1.5 years late 500 (est. total) Ghanem-Zoubi (RCT) not reported, >1 year late 582 (est. total) Dhibar (RCT) 27% 0.73 [0.40-1.35] symp. case 17/574 24/594 Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.11 PEP 21% 0.79 [0.59-1.06] 71/2,591 91/2,724 21% lower risk All studies 17% 0.83 [0.71-0.96] 961/12,663 1,575/13,591 17% lower risk All 59 HCQ COVID-19 RCTs c19hcq.org October 2023 Tau​2​ = 0.11, I​2​ = 51.6%, p = 0.013 Effect extraction pre-specified(most serious outcome, see appendix) Favors HCQ Favors control