0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Esper 64% 0.36 [0.15-0.87] hosp. 8/412 12/224 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Derwand 82% 0.18 [0.07-0.54] hosp. 4/141 58/377 Smith (RCT) 64% 0.36 [0.02-7.70] hosp. 0/7 1/9 Mitjà (RCT) 16% 0.84 [0.35-2.03] hosp. 8/136 11/157 Skipper (RCT) 49% 0.51 [0.15-1.66] hosp. 4/231 8/234 Ip 37% 0.63 [0.37-0.96] hosp. 21/97 305/970 Sulaiman 39% 0.61 [0.52-0.73] hosp. 171/1,817 617/3,724 Szente Fonseca 64% 0.36 [0.20-0.67] hosp. 25/175 89/542 Cadegiani 98% 0.02 [0.00-0.27] hosp. 0/159 27/137 Simova 94% 0.06 [0.01-0.57] hosp. 0/33 2/5 Omrani (RCT) 12% 0.88 [0.26-2.94] hosp. 7/304 4/152 Mokhtari 35% 0.65 [0.59-0.71] hosp. 523/7,295 2,382/21,464 Million 4% 0.96 [0.71-1.29] hosp. 214/8,315 64/2,114 Rodrigues (RCT) -200% 3.00 [0.13-71.6] hosp. 1/42 0/42 Chechter 95% 0.05 [0.00-0.96] hosp. 0/60 3/12 Avezum (RCT) 23% 0.77 [0.52-1.12] hosp. 44/689 57/683 Tau​2​ = 0.05, I​2​ = 61.0%, p < 0.0001 Early treatment 41% 0.59 [0.49-0.72] 1,030/19,913 3,640/30,846 41% lower risk Kim 51% 0.49 [0.28-0.87] hosp. time 22 (n) 40 (n) Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Cavalcanti (RCT) -28% 1.28 [0.81-2.03] hosp. 331 (n) 173 (n) Ashinyo 33% 0.67 [0.47-0.96] hosp. time 61 (n) 61 (n) Johnston (RCT) 30% 0.70 [0.19-2.54] hosp. 5/148 4/83 Alqassieh 18% 0.82 [0.64-1.05] hosp. time 63 (n) 68 (n) Tan 35% 0.65 [0.43-0.98] hosp. time 8 (n) 277 (n) Vernaz (PSM) -49% 1.49 [1.16-1.92] hosp. time 93 (n) 105 (n) TOGETHER Reis (RCT) 24% 0.76 [0.30-1.88] hosp. 8/214 11/227 FACCT Bosaeed (RCT) -12% 1.12 [0.85-1.49] hosp. time 125 (n) 129 (n) Schwartz (RCT) -533% 6.33 [0.35-115] hosp. 4/111 0/37 Sarhan (RCT) -25% 1.25 [0.99-1.58] hosp. time 56 (n) 52 (n) Calderón -107% 2.07 [1.23-3.51] hosp. time 27 (n) 17 (n) Omma 17% 0.83 [0.73-0.95] hosp. time 213 (n) 180 (n) Uyaroğlu (PSM) 10% 0.90 [0.20-4.14] hosp. time 42 (n) 42 (n) Hong (PSM) -13% 1.13 [0.54-2.37] hosp. 15 (n) 15 (n) Babayigit -17% 1.17 [1.00-1.36] hosp. time 852 (n) 63 (n) Alosaimi (PSM) 43% 0.57 [0.06-5.10] hosp. time 37 (n) 37 (n) Alshamrani (PSM) -3% 1.03 [0.89-1.19] hosp. time 161 (n) 653 (n) Spivak (RCT) -73% 1.73 [0.52-5.78] hosp. 7/152 4/150 Souza-Silva -12% 1.12 [1.01-1.25] hosp. time 673 (n) 673 (n) Tau​2​ = 0.04, I​2​ = 65.7%, p = 0.77 Late treatment -2% 1.02 [0.89-1.17] 24/3,404 19/3,082 2% higher risk Konig 3% 0.97 [0.65-1.46] hosp. 16/29 29/51 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Macias 26% 0.74 [0.07-8.18] hosp. 1/290 2/432 Gianfrancesco 3% 0.97 [0.71-1.24] hosp. 58/130 219/470 Huang 80% 0.20 [0.08-0.52] hosp. 8 (n) 1,247 (n) de la Iglesia -50% 1.50 [0.25-8.95] hosp. 3/687 2/688 COVID PREP Rajasingham (RCT) 50% 0.50 [0.03-7.97] hosp. 1/989 1/494 Yadav 82% 0.18 [0.04-0.81] hosp. 2/279 9/221 Cordtz 24% 0.76 [0.23-2.52] hosp. population-based cohort Rangel 22% 0.78 [0.50-1.21] hosp. 17/50 45/103 Trefond -45% 1.45 [0.89-2.08] hosp. 24/71 53/191 Vivanco-Hidalgo -46% 1.46 [0.91-2.34] hosp. 40/6,746 50/13,492 Alegiani 18% 0.82 [0.69-0.98] hosp. case control Kamstrup -44% 1.44 [0.78-2.65] hosp. population-based cohort Cordtz 40% 0.60 [0.19-1.87] hosp. 1,170 (n) 1,363 (n) Agarwal 95% 0.05 [0.00-3401] hosp. 0/29 17/455 Guillaume -2% 1.02 [0.17-6.07] hosp. 2/181 3/278 Fung 3% 0.97 [0.86-1.09] hosp. population-based cohort Erden 75% 0.25 [0.04-1.77] hosp. 1/6 2/3 Opdam 45% 0.55 [0.23-1.30] hosp. case control Oztas -215% 3.15 [0.33-30.1] hosp. 3/317 1/333 HOPE Tirupakuzhi.. (RCT) 52% 0.48 [0.04-5.26] hosp. 1/211 2/203 Oku 12% 0.88 [0.51-1.08] hosp. 9/14 177/206 Isnardi 17% 0.83 [0.67-1.01] hosp. 83/512 429/1,554 Mathew 0% 1.00 [0.30-2.70] hosp. 23 (n) 41 (n) Chevalier 19% 0.81 [0.47-1.25] hosp. 15/116 180/1,097 Tau​2​ = 0.03, I​2​ = 40.9%, p = 0.13 PrEP 10% 0.90 [0.79-1.03] 276/11,858 1,221/22,922 10% lower risk BCN-PEP-CoV2 Mitjà (RCT) 17% 0.83 [0.41-1.71] hosp. 13/1,196 17/1,301 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control HCQ COVID-19 PEP Barnabas (RCT) -4% 1.04 [0.07-16.5] hosp. 1/407 1/422 Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.64 PEP 16% 0.84 [0.42-1.69] 14/1,603 18/1,723 16% lower risk All studies 15% 0.85 [0.77-0.94] 1,344/36,778 4,898/58,573 15% lower risk All 63 HCQ COVID-19 hospitalization results c19hcq.org October 2023 Tau​2​ = 0.07, I​2​ = 73.3%, p = 0.0024 Favors HCQ Favors control