0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Gendelman 8% 0.92 [0.31-2.72] cases 3/36 1,314/14,484 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Cassione -50% 1.50 [0.34-6.53] cases 10/127 2/38 Macias -49% 1.49 [0.44-5.10] cases 5/290 5/432 Chatterjee 67% 0.33 [0.20-0.56] cases 12/68 206/387 Bhattacharya 81% 0.19 [0.07-0.53] cases 4/54 20/52 Gendebien 4% 0.96 [0.38-2.46] cases 12/152 6/73 Ferreira 47% 0.53 [0.39-0.72] cases population-based cohort Zhong 91% 0.09 [0.01-0.94] cases 7/16 20/27 Desbois 17% 0.83 [0.27-2.58] cases 3/27 23/172 Kadnur 62% 0.38 [0.15-0.85] cases 10/258 15/100 Khurana 51% 0.49 [0.24-0.98] cases 6/22 88/159 Singer -9% 1.09 [0.79-1.51] cases 55/10,700 104/22,058 Salvarani 6% 0.94 [0.66-1.34] cases population-based cohort Ferri 63% 0.37 [0.16-0.83] cases 9/994 16/647 de la Iglesia -43% 1.43 [0.90-2.25] cases 42/648 30/660 Laplana -56% 1.56 [0.74-3.28] cases 17/319 11/319 Grau-Pujol (RCT) 11% 0.89 [0.06-14.2] cases 1/142 1/127 COVID PREP Rajasingham (RCT) 27% 0.73 [0.49-1.08] cases 58/989 39/494 Gentry 21% 0.79 [0.51-1.42] cases 31/10,703 78/21,406 PATCH Abella (RCT) 5% 0.95 [0.25-3.63] cases 4/64 4/61 Yadav 42% 0.58 [0.34-1.00] cases 17/178 27/221 Behera 28% 0.72 [0.32-1.24] cases 7/19 179/353 Datta 22% 0.78 [0.42-1.45] cases 16/146 19/135 Mathai 90% 0.10 [0.05-0.21] cases 10/491 22/113 Revollo (PSM) 23% 0.77 [0.35-1.68] cases 16/69 65/418 Jung -13% 1.13 [0.57-2.24] cases 15/649 31/1,417 Gönenli -19% 1.19 [0.55-2.76] cases 8/148 20/416 Huh 6% 0.94 [0.53-1.66] cases population-based cohort Khoubnasabjafari 17% 0.83 [0.44-1.59] cases 34/1,436 12/422 Fitzgerald 9% 0.91 [0.69-1.21] cases 65/1,072 200/3,594 Bae (PSM) 30% 0.70 [0.41-1.18] cases 16/743 91/2,698 Vivanco-Hidalgo -8% 1.08 [0.83-1.44] cases 97/6,746 183/13,492 Dev 26% 0.74 [0.61-0.90] cases 260 (n) 499 (n) Seet (RCT) 35% 0.65 [0.43-0.99] symp. case 29/432 64/619 Rojas-Serrano (RCT) 82% 0.18 [0.02-1.59] symp. case 1/62 6/65 Syed (RCT) -60% 1.60 [0.63-4.04] symp. case 10/48 6/46 Kamstrup 10% 0.90 [0.76-1.07] cases population-based cohort Korkmaz 94% 0.06 [0.02-0.26] cases 2/395 24/299 Badyal 60% 0.40 [0.31-0.50] cases 247/617 611/1,473 Shaw (PSM) 13% 0.87 [0.80-0.96] cases 45 (n) 99 (n) Bhatt -49% 1.49 [1.05-2.13] cases 167/731 30/196 McCullough 52% 0.48 [0.27-0.87] cases 13/101 32/120 Patil 9% 0.91 [0.71-1.15] cases 167/5,266 147/3,946 HERO-HCQ Naggie (RCT) 24% 0.76 [0.51-1.14] symp. case 41/683 53/676 Agarwal -5% 1.05 [0.50-2.18] cases 6/29 90/455 Guillaume -3% 1.03 [0.34-2.92] cases 6/181 12/278 Fung 9% 0.91 [0.84-0.98] cases population-based cohort Belmont 79% 0.21 [0.02-2.25] symp. case 1/56 2/24 Samajdar 75% 0.25 [0.14-0.47] cases 12/129 29/81 Ahmed 99% 0.01 [0.00-1.77] cases case control Rao 11% 0.89 [0.53-1.52] cases 16/273 67/1,021 WHIP COVID-19 McKinnon (RCT) 2% 0.98 [0.09-10.7] symp. case 2/365 1/178 Juneja -6% 1.06 [0.83-1.37] cases 103/996 117/1,204 Oztas -40% 1.40 [0.67-2.91] symp. case 16/317 12/333 MacFadden 12% 0.88 [0.79-0.97] cases n/a n/a Satti 61% 0.39 [0.17-0.86] cases 10/63 7/17 HOPE Tirupakuzhi.. (RCT) 14% 0.86 [0.36-1.95] cases 11/211 12/203 Raabe 82% 0.18 [0.02-1.86] symp. case 1/59 2/21 Patel 46% 0.54 [0.36-0.80] cases EPICOS Polo (RCT) 51% 0.49 [0.00-2.29] symp. case 3/224 5/211 Becetti 37% 0.63 [0.33-1.20] cases 26/314 49/386 Sahebari 56% 0.44 [0.12-0.83] cases 10/108 56/368 Obrișcă 87% 0.13 [0.02-0.69] cases 10/81 5/14 Sukumar 38% 0.62 [0.25-1.53] cases case control Shahrin -88% 1.88 [0.91-3.47] cases 43/230 11/106 Nasri (RCT) 92% 0.08 [0.01-0.76] symp. case 0/70 6/73 Llanos-Cuen.. (RCT) -69% 1.69 [0.41-7.11] cases 5/36 3/32 Dulcey 21% 0.79 [0.52-1.20] cases 322 (n) 645 (n) Finkelstein (PSM) 21% 0.79 [0.69-0.91] cases Klebanov -6% 1.06 [0.80-1.39] cases Tau​2​ = 0.12, I​2​ = 83.3%, p < 0.0001 PrEP 29% 0.71 [0.64-0.80] 1,548/50,010 4,290/98,663 29% lower risk Boulware (RCT) 17% 0.83 [0.58-1.18] cases 49/414 58/407 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control BCN-PEP-CoV2 Mitjà (RCT) 32% 0.68 [0.34-1.34] cases 29/958 45/1,042 Polat 57% 0.43 [0.21-0.88] cases 12/138 14/70 Dhibar 44% 0.56 [0.22-1.41] symp. case 6/132 15/185 Simova 93% 0.07 [0.01-0.57] cases 0/156 3/48 HCQ COVID-19 PEP Barnabas (RCT) -27% 1.27 [0.79-2.03] cases 43/353 33/336 Shabani 19% 0.81 [0.14-4.67] symp. case 2/51 3/62 Dhibar (RCT) 27% 0.73 [0.40-1.35] symp. case 17/574 24/594 Tau​2​ = 0.06, I​2​ = 36.9%, p = 0.053 PEP 25% 0.75 [0.57-1.00] 158/2,776 195/2,744 25% lower risk All studies 29% 0.71 [0.64-0.79] 1,706/52,786 4,485/101,407 29% lower risk All 78 HCQ COVID-19 case results c19hcq.org October 2023 Tau​2​ = 0.12, I​2​ = 81.9%, p < 0.0001 Favors HCQ Favors control