0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Gautret 66% 0.34 [0.17-0.68] viral+ 6/20 14/16 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Esper 64% 0.36 [0.15-0.87] hosp. 8/412 12/224 Ashraf 68% 0.32 [0.10-1.10] death 10/77 2/5 Huang (ES) 59% 0.41 [0.26-0.64] viral time 32 (n) 37 (n) Guérin 61% 0.39 [0.02-9.06] death 0/20 1/34 Derwand 79% 0.21 [0.03-1.47] death 1/141 13/377 Smith (RCT) 64% 0.36 [0.02-7.70] hosp. 0/7 1/9 Mitjà (RCT) 16% 0.84 [0.35-2.03] hosp. 8/136 11/157 Skipper (RCT) 37% 0.63 [0.21-1.91] death/hosp. 5/231 8/234 Hong 65% 0.35 [0.13-0.72] viral+ 42 (n) 48 (n) Bernabeu-Wittel 94% 0.06 [0.01-0.31] death 24/139 37/83 Yu (ES) 85% 0.15 [0.03-0.74] death 1/73 238/2,604 Ly 56% 0.44 [0.26-0.75] death 18/116 29/110 Ip 55% 0.45 [0.11-1.85] death 2/97 44/970 Heras 96% 0.04 [0.02-0.09] death 8/70 16/30 Kirenga 26% 0.74 [0.47-1.17] recov. time 29 (n) 27 (n) Sulaiman 64% 0.36 [0.16-0.80] death 7/1,817 54/3,724 Guisado-Vasco (ES) 67% 0.33 [0.05-1.55] death 2/65 139/542 Szente Fonseca 64% 0.36 [0.20-0.67] hosp. 25/175 89/542 Cadegiani 81% 0.19 [0.01-3.88] death 0/159 2/137 Simova 94% 0.06 [0.01-0.57] hosp. 0/33 2/5 Omrani (RCT) 12% 0.88 [0.26-2.94] hosp. 7/304 4/152 Agusti 68% 0.32 [0.06-1.67] progression 2/87 4/55 Su 85% 0.15 [0.04-0.57] progression n/a n/a Amaravadi (RCT) 60% 0.40 [0.13-1.28] no recov. 3/15 6/12 Roy 2% 0.98 [0.45-2.20] recov. time 14 (n) 15 (n) Mokhtari 70% 0.30 [0.20-0.45] death 27/7,295 287/21,464 Corradini (ES) 67% 0.33 [0.14-0.78] death 641 (n) 102 (n) Million 83% 0.17 [0.06-0.48] death 5/8,315 11/2,114 Sobngwi (RCT) 52% 0.48 [0.09-2.58] no recov. 2/95 4/92 Rodrigues (RCT) -200% 3.00 [0.13-71.6] hosp. 1/42 0/42 Sawanpanyalert 42% 0.58 [0.18-1.91] progression n/a n/a Atipornwan.. (RCT) -150% 2.50 [0.10-59.6] progression 1/60 0/30 Chechter 95% 0.05 [0.00-0.96] hosp. 0/60 3/12 Rouamba (ES) 73% 0.27 [0.09-1.02] progression 23/399 4/33 Avezum (RCT) 1% 0.99 [0.29-3.41] death 5/687 5/682 Roy-García (RCT) -100% 2.00 [0.19-20.9] progression 2/31 1/31 Rathod 73% 0.27 [0.09-0.83] death 513 (n) 52 (n) Tau​2​ = 0.48, I​2​ = 72.0%, p < 0.0001 Early treatment 65% 0.35 [0.26-0.46] 203/22,449 1,041/34,803 65% lower risk Xia 38% 0.62 [0.32-1.22] viral+ 5/10 12/15 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Chen (RCT) 29% 0.71 [0.29-1.74] progression 5/15 7/15 Zhong Nanshan (钟.. 80% 0.20 [0.08-0.52] viral+ 5/115 17/82 Chen (RCT) 57% 0.43 [0.19-0.97] pneumonia 6/31 14/31 Barbosa -147% 2.47 [0.24-25.0] death 2/17 1/21 Tang (RCT) 21% 0.79 [0.38-1.62] viral+ 11/75 14/75 Magagnoli 11% 0.89 [0.45-1.77] death 39/148 18/163 Auld -3% 1.03 [0.67-1.57] death 33/114 29/103 Sánchez-Álvarez 46% 0.54 [0.34-0.84] death 322 (n) 53 (n) Mallat -203% 3.03 [1.11-7.69] viral time 23 (n) 11 (n) Membrillo de No.. 55% 0.45 [0.29-0.71] death 27/123 21/43 Geleris -4% 1.04 [0.82-1.32] death/int. 262/811 84/565 Alberici 43% 0.57 [0.24-1.13] death 17/72 9/22 Rosenberg -35% 1.35 [0.76-2.40] death 189/735 28/221 Shabrawishi 15% 0.85 [0.45-1.62] viral+ 12/45 15/48 Mahévas -20% 1.20 [0.40-3.30] death 9/84 8/89 Yu 60% 0.40 [0.22-0.72] death 9/48 238/502 Kim 51% 0.49 [0.28-0.87] hosp. time 22 (n) 40 (n) Singh 5% 0.95 [0.74-1.22] death 104/910 109/910 Luo 32% 0.68 [0.08-5.88] death 19 (n) 264 (n) Hraiech (ICU) 65% 0.35 [0.08-1.56] death 2/17 5/15 Ip 1% 0.99 [0.80-1.22] death 432/1,914 115/598 Goldman 22% 0.78 [0.40-1.52] death 10/109 34/288 Huang 67% 0.33 [0.19-0.57] viral time 197 (n) 176 (n) Kuderer -134% 2.34 [1.62-3.21] death 45/181 76/747 Rogado 92% 0.08 [0.00-0.87] death 1/8 7/9 RECOVERY RECOVERY Co.. (RCT) -9% 1.09 [0.97-1.23] death 421/1,561 790/3,155 Wang 6% 0.94 [0.75-1.19] death 1,866 (n) 5,726 (n) Luo -2% 1.02 [0.39-2.65] death 11/35 4/13 Paccoud 11% 0.89 [0.23-3.47] death 21/38 26/46 Sbidian -5% 1.05 [0.77-1.33] death 111/623 830/3,792 Faíco-Filho 81% 0.19 [0.00-8.66] viral rate 34 (n) 32 (n) Chen (RCT) 20% 0.80 [0.42-1.52] recov. time 18 (n) 12 (n) Fontana 50% 0.50 [0.16-1.55] death 4/12 2/3 Bousquet 43% 0.57 [0.24-1.36] death 5/27 23/81 Lagier 59% 0.41 [0.27-0.62] death 35/3,119 58/618 Sosa-García (ICU) -11% 1.11 [0.32-3.78] death 7/38 3/18 Komissarov -25% 1.25 [0.71-2.21] viral load 26 (n) 10 (n) Mikami 47% 0.53 [0.41-0.68] death 575/2,077 231/743 Martinez-Lopez 33% 0.67 [0.39-1.14] death 47/148 9/19 Arshad 51% 0.49 [0.39-0.60] death 162/1,202 108/409 An 3% 0.97 [0.57-1.67] viral+ 31 (n) 195 (n) Rivera-Izquierdo 19% 0.81 [0.24-2.76] death 215 (n) 23 (n) Chen -29% 1.29 [0.58-2.86] viral+ 16/28 4/9 Chen (RCT) 24% 0.76 [0.20-2.84] viral+ 4/21 3/12 Cravedi -53% 1.53 [0.84-2.80] death 36/101 10/43 Lecronier (ICU) 42% 0.58 [0.27-1.24] death 9/38 9/22 Trullàs 36% 0.64 [0.39-1.07] death 20/66 16/34 Gupta -6% 1.06 [0.92-1.23] death 631/1,761 153/454 Lyngbakken (RCT) 4% 0.96 [0.06-14.6] death 1/27 1/26 McGrail -70% 1.70 [0.41-7.07] death 4/33 3/42 Krishnan 20% 0.80 [0.52-1.21] death 86/144 6/8 Bernaola 17% 0.83 [0.77-0.89] death 236/1,498 28/147 Kelly -143% 2.43 [1.06-5.56] death 23/82 6/52 Rivera -2% 1.02 [0.67-1.53] death 44/179 59/327 Cavalcanti (RCT) 16% 0.84 [0.28-2.53] death 8/331 5/173 Santos 10% 0.90 [0.24-3.36] death 8/31 2/7 Novartis (RCT) 71% 0.29 [0.01-6.03] no disch. 0/7 1/5 D'Arminio Monfo.. 34% 0.66 [0.39-1.11] death 53/197 47/92 Davido 55% 0.45 [0.23-0.89] int./hosp. 12/80 13/40 Yu 83% 0.17 [0.03-0.99] progression 1/231 32/1,291 Berenguer 18% 0.82 [0.74-0.90] death 681/2,618 438/1,377 Kamran 5% 0.95 [0.34-2.69] progression 11/349 5/151 Kalligeros -67% 1.67 [0.29-9.36] death 36 (n) 72 (n) Saleemi -21% 1.21 [1.00-1.46] viral time 65 (n) 20 (n) Pablos -126% 2.26 [1.35-3.79] severe case 172 (n) 56 (n) Roomi -38% 1.38 [0.40-2.76] death 13/144 6/32 Peters -9% 1.09 [0.81-1.47] death 419/1,596 53/353 Pinato 59% 0.41 [0.29-0.58] death 30/182 181/446 Dubernet 88% 0.12 [0.02-0.88] ICU 1/17 9/19 Gonzalez 27% 0.73 [0.53-1.01] death 1,246/8,476 341/1,168 Pasquini (ICU) 16% 0.84 [0.62-1.14] death 23/33 15/18 Catteau 32% 0.68 [0.62-0.76] death 804/4,542 957/3,533 Di Castelnuovo 30% 0.70 [0.59-0.84] death 386/2,634 90/817 Fried -27% 1.27 [1.18-1.36] death 1,048/4,232 1,466/7,489 Albani 18% 0.82 [0.61-1.06] death 60/211 172/605 Synolaki 24% 0.76 [0.49-1.18] death 21/98 60/214 Alamdari 55% 0.45 [0.25-0.83] death 54/427 9/32 Heberto 54% 0.46 [0.19-0.97] death 139 (n) 115 (n) Lauriola 74% 0.27 [0.17-0.41] death 102/297 35/63 Ashinyo 33% 0.67 [0.47-0.96] hosp. time 61 (n) 61 (n) Serrano 43% 0.57 [0.28-1.18] death 6/14 6/8 TEACH Ulrich (RCT) -6% 1.06 [0.38-2.98] death 7/67 6/61 Shoaibi 15% 0.85 [0.79-0.91] death 686/5,047 3,923/24,404 Lammers 32% 0.68 [0.47-0.99] death/ICU 30/189 101/498 Ayerbe 52% 0.48 [0.37-0.62] death 237/1,857 49/162 Almazrou 65% 0.35 [0.09-1.35] ventilation 3/95 6/66 Nachega 28% 0.72 [0.49-1.06] death 69/630 28/96 Ader (RCT) -15% 1.15 [0.55-2.27] death 11/150 13/149 Soto-Becerra 18% 0.82 [0.76-0.89] death 346/692 1,606/2,630 Aparisi 63% 0.37 [0.27-0.50] death 122/605 27/49 Annie 4% 0.96 [0.65-1.37] death 48/367 50/367 SOLIDARITY SOLIDARITY .. (RCT) -19% 1.19 [0.89-1.59] death 104/947 84/906 Guisado-Vasco 20% 0.80 [0.47-1.26] death 127/558 14/49 Solh -18% 1.18 [0.93-1.51] death 131/265 134/378 Ñamendys-S.. (ICU) 32% 0.68 [0.38-1.20] death 24/54 42/64 Dubee (RCT) 46% 0.54 [0.21-1.42] death 6/124 11/123 Lano 33% 0.67 [0.28-1.31] death 56 (n) 66 (n) Coll 46% 0.54 [0.41-0.72] death 55/307 108/328 Frontera (PSM) 37% 0.63 [0.44-0.91] death 121/1,006 424/2,467 Choi -22% 1.22 [1.10-1.35] viral time 701 (n) 701 (n) Tehrani 13% 0.87 [0.54-1.40] death 16/65 54/190 Niwas 29% 0.71 [0.55-0.91] recov. time 12 (n) 17 (n) López 64% 0.36 [0.14-0.89] progression 5/36 14/36 Salazar -37% 1.37 [0.77-2.42] death 12/92 80/811 Rodriguez-Nava -6% 1.06 [0.72-1.56] death 22/65 79/248 Maldonado 91% 0.09 [0.00-2.70] death 1/11 1/1 Núñez-Gil 8% 0.92 [0.87-0.94] death 200/686 100/268 ORCHID Self (RCT) -6% 1.06 [0.57-1.87] death 25/241 25/236 Rodriguez 59% 0.41 [0.13-1.31] death 8/39 2/4 Águila-Gordo 67% 0.33 [0.09-1.24] death 151/346 47/70 Sheshah 80% 0.20 [0.09-0.45] death 267 (n) 33 (n) Boari 55% 0.45 [0.30-0.68] death 41/202 25/56 Budhiraja 65% 0.35 [0.24-0.50] death 69/834 34/142 Falcone (PSM) 65% 0.35 [0.07-1.73] death 40/238 30/77 Qin 34% 0.66 [0.22-2.00] death 3/43 75/706 Burdick -59% 1.59 [0.89-2.83] death 142 (n) 148 (n) van Halem 32% 0.68 [0.47-1.00] death 34/164 47/155 Rodriguez-Gonzalez 23% 0.77 [0.51-1.17] death 251/1,148 17/60 Lambermont 32% 0.68 [0.25-1.87] death 97/225 14/22 Abdulrahman (PSM) 17% 0.83 [0.26-2.69] death 5/223 6/223 Aboulenain -15% 1.15 [0.54-2.48] death 82 (n) 93 (n) Capsoni 40% 0.60 [0.29-1.25] ventilation 12/40 6/12 Peng 11% 0.89 [0.62-1.29] progression 29/453 256/3,567 Modrák 59% 0.41 [0.18-0.95] death 108 (n) 105 (n) Ozturk 44% 0.56 [0.28-1.13] death 165/1,127 6/23 Guglielmetti 35% 0.65 [0.33-1.30] death 181 (n) 37 (n) Johnston (RCT) 30% 0.70 [0.19-2.54] hosp. 5/148 4/83 Alqassieh 18% 0.82 [0.64-1.05] hosp. time 63 (n) 68 (n) Rosenthal -8% 1.08 [0.98-1.19] death n/a n/a Bielza 22% 0.78 [0.59-1.05] death 33/91 249/539 Tan 35% 0.65 [0.43-0.98] hosp. time 8 (n) 277 (n) Naseem 33% 0.67 [0.30-1.53] death 77 (n) 1,137 (n) Orioli 13% 0.87 [0.26-2.94] death 8/55 3/18 De Luna -105% 2.05 [0.29-14.6] death 15/132 1/18 Signes-Costa 47% 0.53 [0.37-0.75] death 4,854 (n) 993 (n) Matangila 55% 0.45 [0.07-1.27] death 25/147 8/13 Cangiano 73% 0.27 [0.12-0.61] death 5/33 37/65 Taccone (ICU) 25% 0.75 [0.58-0.95] death 449/1,308 183/439 Chari 33% 0.67 [0.37-1.22] death 8/29 195/473 Güner 77% 0.23 [0.03-1.76] ICU 604 (n) 100 (n) Vernaz (PSM) 15% 0.85 [0.42-1.70] death 12/93 16/105 Texeira -79% 1.79 [0.95-3.38] death 17/65 14/96 Psevdos -63% 1.63 [0.55-4.84] death 17/52 3/15 Mahale 29% 0.71 [0.40-1.28] death 25/102 11/32 Sands -70% 1.70 [1.18-2.42] death 101/973 56/696 Lotfy -25% 1.25 [0.39-3.96] death 6/99 5/103 Sarfaraz -45% 1.45 [0.98-2.15] death 40/94 27/92 Yegerov 95% 0.0 [0.00-5e+186] death 0/23 20/1,049 Li -40% 1.40 [0.99-1.98] viral time 18 (n) 19 (n) Li 50% 0.50 [0.23-1.10] no disch. 14 (n) 14 (n) Di Castelnuovo 40% 0.60 [0.50-0.70] death 3,270 (n) 1,000 (n) Roig 16% 0.84 [0.49-1.44] death 33/67 7/12 Ubaldo (ICU) 18% 0.82 [0.52-1.28] death 17/25 5/6 Ouedraogo 33% 0.67 [0.28-1.62] death 397 (n) 59 (n) Hernandez-C.. (RCT) 12% 0.88 [0.51-1.53] death 106 (n) 108 (n) Purwati (RCT) 66% 0.34 [0.26-0.44] viral+ 38/121 111/119 Lora-Tamayo 50% 0.50 [0.44-0.56] death 7,192 (n) 1,361 (n) Awad -19% 1.19 [0.84-1.70] death 56/188 37/148 Lamback 9% 0.91 [0.41-2.00] death 11/101 11/92 Beltran Gon.. (RCT) 63% 0.37 [0.08-1.73] death 2/33 6/37 Rubio-Sánchez 40% 0.60 [0.41-0.88] severe case 51/161 19/36 Salvador 33% 0.67 [0.40-1.03] death 28/121 58/124 Martin-Vice.. (ICU) 59% 0.41 [0.05-3.39] death 37/91 1/1 Stewart 1% 0.99 [0.73-1.35] death 66/578 188/1,243 Stewart -130% 2.30 [1.49-3.54] death 32/108 33/256 Stewart -9% 1.09 [0.76-1.56] death 212/1,157 203/1,101 Stewart -90% 1.90 [0.91-4.10] death 46/208 47/1,334 Stewart -16% 1.16 [0.90-1.51] death 428/1,711 123/688 Stewart -29% 1.29 [0.96-1.74] ventilation 48/305 95/1,302 Stewart -18% 1.18 [0.88-1.58] death 90/429 141/737 Barry 99% 0.0 [0.00-1e+05] death 0/6 91/599 Alghamdi -7% 1.07 [0.61-1.88] death 44/568 15/207 Mulhem -28% 1.28 [0.96-1.71] death 435/2,496 81/723 Gadhiya -5% 1.05 [0.51-1.97] death 22/55 33/216 TOGETHER Reis (RCT) 66% 0.34 [0.01-8.30] death 0/214 1/227 Corradini 70% 0.30 [0.21-0.41] death 1,439 (n) 274 (n) Mohandas -81% 1.81 [1.21-2.72] death 27/384 115/2,961 Réa-Neto (RCT) -57% 1.57 [0.79-3.13] death 16/53 10/52 Kokturk -4% 1.04 [0.10-7.64] death 62/1,382 5/118 Aghajani 19% 0.81 [0.62-1.03] death 553 (n) 438 (n) Haji Aghajani 19% 0.81 [0.62-1.03] death 553 (n) 438 (n) FACCT Bosaeed (RCT) 4% 0.96 [0.49-1.91] death 14/125 15/129 Çiyiltepe (ICU) 3% 0.97 [0.79-1.18] death 69/95 39/52 De Rosa 35% 0.65 [0.44-0.93] death 118/731 80/280 Sammartino (PSM) -240% 3.40 [1.61-7.40] death 137 (n) 191 (n) Smith 27% 0.73 [0.58-0.87] death 19/37 182/218 Ramírez-García 67% 0.33 [0.22-0.50] death 48/350 22/53 Sivapalan (RCT) 92% 0.08 [0.00-11.7] death 1/61 2/56 Byakika-Ki.. (RCT) 0% 1.00 [0.56-1.75] recov. time 36 (n) 29 (n) Lagier 32% 0.68 [0.52-0.88] death 93/1,270 146/841 Singh (RCT) 48% 0.53 [0.15-1.82] death 3/20 6/21 Saib (PSM) -125% 2.25 [0.74-6.85] death/int. 9/52 4/52 Turrini 10% 0.90 [0.75-1.03] death 103/160 33/45 Schwartz (RCT) -133% 2.33 [0.10-56.1] ICU 1/111 0/37 Gerlovin -22% 1.22 [0.91-1.63] death 90/429 141/770 Taieb 39% 0.61 [0.41-0.92] no disch. 674 (n) 252 (n) Jacobs 7% 0.93 [0.69-1.27] death 24/46 86/154 Roger (ICU) 0% 1.00 [0.65-1.45] death 53/289 120/677 Tamura -299% 3.99 [1.05-15.2] death 25 (n) 163 (n) Barrat-Due (RCT) -120% 2.20 [0.40-10.8] death 4/45 2/48 Alhamlan -52% 1.52 [0.24-5.23] death n/a n/a Barra 11% 0.89 [0.24-3.35] death 2/18 81/650 Alghamdi (ICU) -39% 1.39 [0.66-2.95] death 29/128 7/43 Karruli (ICU) 5% 0.95 [0.52-1.76] death 20/28 3/4 Alotaibi -134% 2.33 [0.99-5.49] death 193 (n) 244 (n) Çivriz Bozdağ -399% 4.99 [1.74-14.3] death 35 (n) 140 (n) Uygen 12% 0.88 [0.77-1.00] viral time 15 (n) 25 (n) Menardi 35% 0.65 [0.39-1.07] death 32/200 19/77 Panda (RCT) 48% 0.53 [0.15-1.82] death 3/20 6/21 Babalola (RCT) -55% 1.55 [0.88-2.72] no disch. 17/30 11/30 Atipornwan.. (RCT) 56% 0.44 [0.19-1.02] death 7/100 16/100 Guglielmetti 28% 0.72 [0.48-1.08] death 474 (n) 126 (n) Sarhan (RCT) 26% 0.74 [0.38-1.44] death 12/56 15/52 Cortez 15% 0.85 [0.12-6.27] death 1/25 12/255 Schmidt (PSM) -333% 4.33 [2.07-9.04] death 70 (n) 407 (n) Calderón -215% 3.15 [0.40-24.7] death 5/27 1/17 Ferreira -151% 2.51 [1.09-4.43] death 17/111 11/81 AbdelGhaffar 100% 0.00 [0.00-0.02] death 0/238 900/3,474 Tu 17% 0.83 [0.37-1.85] death 6/37 28/143 Alwafi 15% 0.85 [0.45-1.62] viral+ 12/45 15/48 Lavilla Olleros 36% 0.64 [0.55-0.73] death 2,285/12,772 774/2,149 Omma 28% 0.72 [0.39-1.33] death 17/213 20/180 Fernández-Cruz 27% 0.73 [0.34-1.57] death 23/63 4/8 Albanghali -35% 1.35 [0.65-2.77] death 20/466 11/345 Beaumont 14% 0.86 [0.39-1.41] death/int. 7/38 88/258 Hall (ICU) 11% 0.89 [0.69-1.14] death 31/56 280/449 Rouamba 80% 0.20 [0.10-0.44] death 20/336 24/73 Soto -6% 1.06 [0.91-1.23] death 292/590 362/828 Tsanovska (PSM) 58% 0.42 [0.20-0.90] death 8/70 19/70 Azaña Gómez 36% 0.64 [0.58-0.72] death 500/1,378 238/421 Salehi (ICU) -14% 1.14 [0.82-1.60] death 53/86 21/39 Uyaroğlu (PSM) -200% 3.00 [0.13-71.6] death 1/42 0/42 Ebongue 43% 0.57 [0.33-0.97] death 93/522 36/58 AlQahtani (RCT) 24% 0.76 [0.18-3.25] ICU 3/51 4/52 Hafez 12% 0.88 [0.53-1.43] viral+ 40 (n) 1,446 (n) Bassets-Bosch 29% 0.71 [0.30-1.69] viral time 5 (n) 5 (n) Hong (PSM) 25% 0.75 [0.36-1.58] no recov. 15 (n) 15 (n) Silva -46% 1.46 [0.77-2.21] death 21 (n) 374 (n) Osawa 29% 0.71 [0.50-1.02] death 25/71 71/144 Malundo -24% 1.24 [0.83-1.87] death 20/90 201/1,125 Lyashchenko -48% 1.48 [1.30-1.68] death 389/1,419 341/1,837 Bowen 20% 0.80 [0.68-0.94] death 1,317 (n) 3,314 (n) Babayigit -112% 2.12 [0.65-5.71] ventilation 63/1,378 6/94 Núñez-Gil (PSM) 53% 0.47 [0.36-0.62] death 581 (n) 581 (n) Go 55% 0.45 [0.22-0.91] death n/a n/a Gómez 36% 0.64 [0.58-0.72] death 500/1,378 238/421 Assad 60% 0.40 [0.21-0.77] death 9/72 68/219 Bubenek-Tur.. (ICU) 22% 0.78 [0.64-0.95] death n/a n/a Alosaimi (PSM) -400% 5.00 [0.25-101] death 2/37 0/37 REMAP-CAP Higgins (RCT) -51% 1.51 [0.98-2.29] death 16/41 107/311 Alshamrani (PSM) 50% 0.50 [0.17-1.30] death 6/161 50/653 Delgado 26% 0.74 [0.61-0.90] death 1,239 (n) 8,399 (n) Spivak (RCT) -73% 1.73 [0.52-5.78] hosp. 7/152 4/150 Aweimer 40% 0.60 [0.29-1.25] death 4/9 104/140 Ho -890% 9.90 [1.17-65.6] progression 4/91 1/234 Krishnan 40% 0.60 [0.40-1.10] death case control Said 78% 0.22 [0.13-0.40] death 14/435 58/405 AlQadheeb (ICU) 35% 0.65 [0.51-0.84] death 37/92 466/756 Yilgwan 93% 0.07 [0.03-0.14] death 1,039 (n) 2,423 (n) de Gonzalo-.. (ICU) 38% 0.62 [0.30-1.30] death 6/32 138/459 Cárdenas-Jaén 56% 0.44 [0.14-1.24] severe case 3/42 126/787 Shamsi -39% 1.39 [0.52-3.71] death 4/23 20/160 Afşin 17% 0.83 [0.51-1.36] death 15/36 22/44 Burhan (ICU) -1% 1.01 [0.88-1.16] death 84/123 294/436 Meeus 36% 0.64 [0.46-0.88] death 59/352 916/3,533 Souza-Silva -5% 1.05 [0.85-1.31] death 135/673 128/673 Tau​2​ = 0.11, I​2​ = 84.8%, p < 0.0001 Late treatment 20% 0.80 [0.76-0.84] 20,168/136,564 24,241/146,951 20% lower risk Gendelman 8% 0.92 [0.31-2.72] cases 3/36 1,314/14,484 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Konig 3% 0.97 [0.65-1.46] hosp. 16/29 29/51 Cassione -50% 1.50 [0.34-6.53] cases 10/127 2/38 Macias 26% 0.74 [0.07-8.18] hosp. 1/290 2/432 Gianfrancesco 3% 0.97 [0.71-1.24] hosp. 58/130 219/470 Chatterjee 67% 0.33 [0.20-0.56] cases 12/68 206/387 Bhattacharya 81% 0.19 [0.07-0.53] cases 4/54 20/52 Huang 80% 0.20 [0.08-0.52] hosp. 8 (n) 1,247 (n) Gendebien 4% 0.96 [0.38-2.46] cases 12/152 6/73 Ferreira 47% 0.53 [0.39-0.72] cases population-based cohort Zhong 91% 0.09 [0.01-0.94] cases 7/16 20/27 Desbois 17% 0.83 [0.27-2.58] cases 3/27 23/172 Kadnur 62% 0.38 [0.15-0.85] cases 10/258 15/100 Khurana 51% 0.49 [0.24-0.98] cases 6/22 88/159 Santos 92% 0.08 [0.00-1.16] death 0/7 10/31 Singer -9% 1.09 [0.79-1.51] cases 55/10,700 104/22,058 Salvarani 6% 0.94 [0.66-1.34] cases population-based cohort Ferri 63% 0.37 [0.16-0.83] cases 9/994 16/647 de la Iglesia -50% 1.50 [0.25-8.95] hosp. 3/687 2/688 Laplana -56% 1.56 [0.74-3.28] cases 17/319 11/319 Rentsch -3% 1.03 [0.80-1.33] death population-based cohort Grau-Pujol (RCT) 11% 0.89 [0.06-14.2] cases 1/142 1/127 COVID PREP Rajasingham (RCT) 50% 0.50 [0.03-7.97] hosp. 1/989 1/494 Gentry 91% 0.09 [0.00-1.52] death 0/10,703 7/21,406 PATCH Abella (RCT) 5% 0.95 [0.25-3.63] cases 4/64 4/61 Yadav 82% 0.18 [0.04-0.81] hosp. 2/279 9/221 Goenka 87% 0.13 [0.02-0.85] IgG+ 1/77 115/885 Arleo 50% 0.50 [0.06-4.02] death 1/20 5/50 Behera 28% 0.72 [0.32-1.24] cases 7/19 179/353 Datta 22% 0.78 [0.42-1.45] cases 16/146 19/135 Mathai 90% 0.10 [0.05-0.21] cases 10/491 22/113 Revollo (PSM) 23% 0.77 [0.35-1.68] cases 16/69 65/418 Jung 59% 0.41 [0.02-9.97] death 0/649 1/1,417 Gönenli 30% 0.70 [0.20-2.46] progression 3/148 12/416 Huh -251% 3.51 [0.76-16.2] progression 5/8 873/2,797 Cordtz 24% 0.76 [0.23-2.52] hosp. population-based cohort Rangel 25% 0.75 [0.25-2.24] death 4/50 11/103 Khoubnasabjafari 17% 0.83 [0.44-1.59] cases 34/1,436 12/422 Trefond -17% 1.17 [0.33-3.54] death 4/68 12/183 Strangfeld 48% 0.52 [0.37-0.71] death 27/426 124/739 Fitzgerald 9% 0.91 [0.69-1.21] cases 65/1,072 200/3,594 Mahto 27% 0.73 [0.33-1.33] IgG+ 9/89 84/600 Bae (PSM) 30% 0.70 [0.41-1.18] cases 16/743 91/2,698 Pham 20% 0.80 [0.15-2.79] death 2/14 5/28 Vivanco-Hidalgo -46% 1.46 [0.91-2.34] hosp. 40/6,746 50/13,492 Dev 26% 0.74 [0.61-0.90] cases 260 (n) 499 (n) Seet (RCT) 35% 0.65 [0.43-0.99] symp. case 29/432 64/619 Alegiani -8% 1.08 [0.79-1.46] death case control Alzahrani 59% 0.41 [0.02-9.55] death 0/14 1/33 Rojas-Serrano (RCT) 82% 0.18 [0.02-1.59] symp. case 1/62 6/65 Syed (RCT) -60% 1.60 [0.63-4.04] symp. case 10/48 6/46 Kamstrup -44% 1.44 [0.78-2.65] hosp. population-based cohort Korkmaz 82% 0.18 [0.01-3.72] death 0/385 2/299 Badyal 60% 0.40 [0.31-0.50] cases 247/617 611/1,473 Shaw (PSM) 13% 0.87 [0.80-0.96] cases 45 (n) 99 (n) Küçükakkaş -43% 1.43 [0.11-19.2] ICU 1/7 1/10 Bhatt -49% 1.49 [1.05-2.13] cases 167/731 30/196 McCullough 52% 0.48 [0.27-0.87] cases 13/101 32/120 Patil 66% 0.34 [0.10-1.22] death 5,266 (n) 3,946 (n) HERO-HCQ Naggie (RCT) 24% 0.76 [0.51-1.14] symp. case 41/683 53/676 Cordtz 40% 0.60 [0.19-1.87] hosp. 1,170 (n) 1,363 (n) Agarwal 95% 0.05 [0.00-3401] hosp. 0/29 17/455 Guillaume -2% 1.02 [0.17-6.07] hosp. 2/181 3/278 Fung 13% 0.87 [0.72-1.05] death population-based cohort Belmont 79% 0.21 [0.02-2.25] symp. case 1/56 2/24 Samajdar 75% 0.25 [0.14-0.47] cases 12/129 29/81 Ahmed 99% 0.01 [0.00-1.77] cases case control Rao 11% 0.89 [0.53-1.52] cases 16/273 67/1,021 WHIP COVID-19 McKinnon (RCT) 2% 0.98 [0.09-10.7] symp. case 2/365 1/178 Juneja -142% 2.42 [0.22-26.6] severe case 2/996 1/1,204 Erden -150% 2.50 [0.13-48.0] death 1/6 0/3 Ugarte-Gil 44% 0.56 [0.36-0.85] severe case 665 (n) 230 (n) Opdam 45% 0.55 [0.23-1.30] hosp. case control Oztas -215% 3.15 [0.33-30.1] hosp. 3/317 1/333 MacFadden 12% 0.88 [0.79-0.97] cases n/a n/a Satti 61% 0.39 [0.17-0.86] cases 10/63 7/17 HOPE Tirupakuzhi.. (RCT) -196% 2.96 [0.12-72.3] progression 1/211 0/203 Raabe 82% 0.18 [0.02-1.86] symp. case 1/59 2/21 Yadav 20% 0.80 [0.70-1.00] seropositive 1,255 (n) 969 (n) Patel 46% 0.54 [0.36-0.80] cases EPICOS Polo (RCT) 51% 0.49 [0.00-2.29] symp. case 3/224 5/211 Becetti 37% 0.63 [0.33-1.20] cases 26/314 49/386 Loucera 69% 0.31 [0.17-0.57] death 320 (n) 15,648 (n) Oku 92% 0.08 [0.00-1.27] death 0/14 11/206 Sahebari 56% 0.44 [0.12-0.83] cases 10/108 56/368 Obrișcă 87% 0.13 [0.02-0.69] cases 10/81 5/14 Isnardi 34% 0.66 [0.33-1.17] death 11/361 72/1,554 Sukumar 38% 0.62 [0.25-1.53] cases case control Shahrin -88% 1.88 [0.91-3.47] cases 43/230 11/106 Shukla 5% 0.95 [0.64-1.34] PASC 22/76 184/603 Nasri (RCT) 92% 0.08 [0.01-0.76] symp. case 0/70 6/73 Llanos-Cuen.. (RCT) -69% 1.69 [0.41-7.11] cases 5/36 3/32 Mathew 20% 0.80 [0.20-3.20] death 23 (n) 41 (n) Chevalier 35% 0.65 [0.30-1.20] death 7/55 109/535 COVAD Sen 40% 0.60 [0.30-1.10] PASC n/a n/a Dulcey 21% 0.79 [0.52-1.20] cases 322 (n) 645 (n) Alqatari 89% 0.11 [0.01-1.84] ventilation 0/13 5/21 Finkelstein (PSM) 21% 0.79 [0.69-0.91] cases Klebanov 31% 0.69 [0.22-2.19] death Scirocco 41% 0.59 [0.18-1.90] death/int. 183 (n) 444 (n) Tau​2​ = 0.15, I​2​ = 78.1%, p < 0.0001 PrEP 33% 0.67 [0.60-0.75] 1,191/55,228 5,441/127,535 33% lower risk Boulware (RCT) 17% 0.83 [0.58-1.18] cases 49/414 58/407 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control BCN-PEP-CoV2 Mitjà (RCT) 46% 0.54 [0.16-1.80] death 4/1,196 8/1,301 Polat 57% 0.43 [0.21-0.88] cases 12/138 14/70 Dhibar 44% 0.56 [0.22-1.41] symp. case 6/132 15/185 Simova 93% 0.07 [0.01-0.57] cases 0/156 3/48 HCQ COVID-19 PEP Barnabas (RCT) -4% 1.04 [0.07-16.5] hosp. 1/407 1/422 Shabani 19% 0.81 [0.14-4.67] symp. case 2/51 3/62 Dhibar (RCT) 27% 0.73 [0.40-1.35] symp. case 17/574 24/594 Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.006 PEP 30% 0.70 [0.54-0.90] 91/3,068 126/3,089 30% lower risk All studies 26% 0.74 [0.70-0.77] 21,653/217,309 30,849/312,378 26% lower risk All HCQ COVID-19 studies c19hcq.org October 2023 Tau​2​ = 0.13, I​2​ = 84.0%, p < 0.0001 Effect extraction pre-specified(most serious outcome, see appendix) Favors HCQ Favors control
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Gautret 66% viral- Improvement Relative Risk [CI] Esper 64% hospitalization Ashraf 68% death Huang (ES) 59% viral- Guérin 61% death Derwand 79% death Smith (RCT) 64% hospitalization Mitjà (RCT) 16% hospitalization Skipper (RCT) 37% death/hosp. Hong 65% viral- Bernabeu-Wittel 94% death Yu (ES) 85% death Ly 56% death Ip 55% death Heras 96% death Kirenga 26% recovery Sulaiman 64% death Guisado-Vasco (.. 67% death Szente Fonseca 64% hospitalization Cadegiani 81% death Simova 94% hospitalization Omrani (RCT) 12% hospitalization Agusti 68% progression Su 85% progression Amaravadi (RCT) 60% recovery Roy 2% recovery Mokhtari 70% death Corradini (ES) 67% death Million 83% death Sobngwi (RCT) 52% recovery Rodrigues (RCT) -200% hospitalization Sawanpanyalert 42% progression Atipornwa.. (RCT) -150% progression Chechter 95% hospitalization Rouamba (ES) 73% progression Avezum (RCT) 1% death Roy-García (RCT) -100% progression Rathod 73% death Tau​2​ = 0.48, I​2​ = 72.0%, p < 0.0001 Early treatment 65% 65% lower risk Xia 38% viral- Chen (RCT) 29% progression Zhong Nanshan (.. 80% viral- Chen (RCT) 57% pneumonia Barbosa -147% death Tang (RCT) 21% viral- Magagnoli 11% death Auld -3% death Sánchez-Álvarez 46% death Mallat -203% viral- Membrillo de N.. 55% death Geleris -4% death/intubation Alberici 43% death Rosenberg -35% death Shabrawishi 15% viral- Mahévas -20% death Yu 60% death Kim 51% hospitalization Singh 5% death Luo 32% death Hraiech (ICU) 65% death Ip 1% death Goldman 22% death Huang 67% viral- Kuderer -134% death Rogado 92% death RECOVERY RECOVERY C.. (RCT) -9% death Wang 6% death Luo -2% death Paccoud 11% death Sbidian -5% death Faíco-Filho 81% viral rate Chen (RCT) 20% recovery Fontana 50% death Bousquet 43% death Lagier 59% death Sosa-García (ICU) -11% death Komissarov -25% viral load Mikami 47% death Martinez-Lopez 33% death Arshad 51% death An 3% viral- Rivera-Izquierdo 19% death Chen -29% viral- Chen (RCT) 24% viral- Cravedi -53% death Lecronier (ICU) 42% death Trullàs 36% death Gupta -6% death Lyngbakken (RCT) 4% death McGrail -70% death Krishnan 20% death Bernaola 17% death Kelly -143% death Rivera -2% death Cavalcanti (RCT) 16% death Santos 10% death Novartis (RCT) 71% discharge D'Arminio Monf.. 34% death Davido 55% intubation/hosp. Yu 83% progression Berenguer 18% death Kamran 5% progression Kalligeros -67% death Saleemi -21% viral- Pablos -126% severe case Roomi -38% death Peters -9% death Pinato 59% death Dubernet 88% ICU admission Gonzalez 27% death Pasquini (ICU) 16% death Catteau 32% death Di Castelnuovo 30% death Fried -27% death Albani 18% death Synolaki 24% death Alamdari 55% death Heberto 54% death Lauriola 74% death Ashinyo 33% hospitalization Serrano 43% death TEACH Ulrich (RCT) -6% death Shoaibi 15% death Lammers 32% death/ICU Ayerbe 52% death Almazrou 65% ventilation Nachega 28% death Ader (RCT) -15% death Soto-Becerra 18% death Aparisi 63% death Annie 4% death SOLIDARITY SOLIDARITY.. (RCT) -19% death Guisado-Vasco 20% death Solh -18% death Ñamendys-.. (ICU) 32% death Dubee (RCT) 46% death Lano 33% death Coll 46% death Frontera (PSM) 37% death Choi -22% viral- Tehrani 13% death Niwas 29% recovery López 64% progression Salazar -37% death Rodriguez-Nava -6% death Maldonado 91% death Núñez-Gil 8% death ORCHID Self (RCT) -6% death Rodriguez 59% death Águila-Gordo 67% death Sheshah 80% death Boari 55% death Budhiraja 65% death Falcone (PSM) 65% death Qin 34% death Burdick -59% death van Halem 32% death Rodriguez-Gonza.. 23% death Lambermont 32% death Abdulrah.. (PSM) 17% death Aboulenain -15% death Capsoni 40% ventilation Peng 11% progression Modrák 59% death Ozturk 44% death Guglielmetti 35% death Johnston (RCT) 30% hospitalization Alqassieh 18% hospitalization Rosenthal -8% death Bielza 22% death Tan 35% hospitalization Naseem 33% death Orioli 13% death De Luna -105% death Signes-Costa 47% death Matangila 55% death Cangiano 73% death Taccone (ICU) 25% death Chari 33% death Güner 77% ICU admission Vernaz (PSM) 15% death Texeira -79% death Psevdos -63% death Mahale 29% death Sands -70% death Lotfy -25% death Sarfaraz -45% death Yegerov 95% death Li -40% viral- Li 50% discharge Di Castelnuovo 40% death Roig 16% death Ubaldo (ICU) 18% death Ouedraogo 33% death Hernandez-.. (RCT) 12% death Purwati (RCT) 66% viral- Lora-Tamayo 50% death Awad -19% death Lamback 9% death Beltran Go.. (RCT) 63% death Rubio-Sánchez 40% severe case Salvador 33% death Martin-Vic.. (ICU) 59% death Stewart 1% death Stewart -130% death Stewart -9% death Stewart -90% death Stewart -16% death Stewart -29% ventilation Stewart -18% death Barry 99% death Alghamdi -7% death Mulhem -28% death Gadhiya -5% death TOGETHER Reis (RCT) 66% death Corradini 70% death Mohandas -81% death Réa-Neto (RCT) -57% death Kokturk -4% death Aghajani 19% death Haji Aghajani 19% death FACCT Bosaeed (RCT) 4% death Çiyiltepe (ICU) 3% death De Rosa 35% death Sammart.. (PSM) -240% death Smith 27% death Ramírez-García 67% death Sivapalan (RCT) 92% death Byakika-K.. (RCT) 0% recovery Lagier 32% death Singh (RCT) 48% death Saib (PSM) -125% death/intubation Turrini 10% death Schwartz (RCT) -133% ICU admission Gerlovin -22% death Taieb 39% discharge Jacobs 7% death Roger (ICU) 0% death Tamura -299% death Barrat-Due (RCT) -120% death Alhamlan -52% death Barra 11% death Alghamdi (ICU) -39% death Karruli (ICU) 5% death Alotaibi -134% death Çivriz Bozdağ -399% death Uygen 12% viral- Menardi 35% death Panda (RCT) 48% death Babalola (RCT) -55% discharge Atipornwa.. (RCT) 56% death Guglielmetti 28% death Sarhan (RCT) 26% death Cortez 15% death Schmidt (PSM) -333% death Calderón -215% death Ferreira -151% death AbdelGhaffar 100% death Tu 17% death Alwafi 15% viral- Lavilla Olleros 36% death Omma 28% death Fernández-Cruz 27% death Albanghali -35% death Beaumont 14% death/intubation Hall (ICU) 11% death Rouamba 80% death Soto -6% death Tsanovska (PSM) 58% death Azaña Gómez 36% death Salehi (ICU) -14% death Uyaroğlu (PSM) -200% death Ebongue 43% death AlQahtani (RCT) 24% ICU admission Hafez 12% viral- Bassets-Bosch 29% viral- Hong (PSM) 25% recovery Silva -46% death Osawa 29% death Malundo -24% death Lyashchenko -48% death Bowen 20% death Babayigit -112% ventilation Núñez-Gil (PSM) 53% death Go 55% death Gómez 36% death Assad 60% death Bubenek-Tu.. (ICU) 22% death Alosaimi (PSM) -400% death REMAP-CAP Higgins (RCT) -51% death Alshamrani (PSM) 50% death Delgado 26% death Spivak (RCT) -73% hospitalization Aweimer 40% death Ho -890% progression Krishnan 40% death Said 78% death AlQadheeb (ICU) 35% death Yilgwan 93% death de Gonzalo.. (ICU) 38% death Cárdenas-Jaén 56% severe case Shamsi -39% death Afşin 17% death Burhan (ICU) -1% death Meeus 36% death Souza-Silva -5% death Tau​2​ = 0.11, I​2​ = 84.8%, p < 0.0001 Late treatment 20% 20% lower risk Gendelman 8% case Konig 3% hospitalization Cassione -50% case Macias 26% hospitalization Gianfrancesco 3% hospitalization Chatterjee 67% case Bhattacharya 81% case Huang 80% hospitalization Gendebien 4% case Ferreira 47% case Zhong 91% case Desbois 17% case Kadnur 62% case Khurana 51% case Santos 92% death Singer -9% case Salvarani 6% case Ferri 63% case de la Iglesia -50% hospitalization Laplana -56% case Rentsch -3% death Grau-Pujol (RCT) 11% case COVID PREP Rajasingham (RCT) 50% hospitalization Gentry 91% death PATCH Abella (RCT) 5% case Yadav 82% hospitalization Goenka 87% IgG positive Arleo 50% death Behera 28% case Datta 22% case Mathai 90% case Revollo (PSM) 23% case Jung 59% death Gönenli 30% progression Huh -251% progression Cordtz 24% hospitalization Rangel 25% death Khoubnasabjafari 17% case Trefond -17% death Strangfeld 48% death Fitzgerald 9% case Mahto 27% IgG positive Bae (PSM) 30% case Pham 20% death Vivanco-Hidalgo -46% hospitalization Dev 26% case Seet (RCT) 35% symp. case Alegiani -8% death Alzahrani 59% death Rojas-Serr.. (RCT) 82% symp. case Syed (RCT) -60% symp. case Kamstrup -44% hospitalization Korkmaz 82% death Badyal 60% case Shaw (PSM) 13% case Küçükakkaş -43% ICU admission Bhatt -49% case McCullough 52% case Patil 66% death HERO-HCQ Naggie (RCT) 24% symp. case Cordtz 40% hospitalization Agarwal 95% hospitalization Guillaume -2% hospitalization Fung 13% death Belmont 79% symp. case Samajdar 75% case Ahmed 99% case Rao 11% case WHIP COVID-19 McKinnon (RCT) 2% symp. case Juneja -142% severe case Erden -150% death Ugarte-Gil 44% severe case Opdam 45% hospitalization Oztas -215% hospitalization MacFadden 12% case Satti 61% case HOPE Tirupakuzh.. (RCT) -196% progression Raabe 82% symp. case Yadav 20% seropositive Patel 46% case EPICOS Polo (RCT) 51% symp. case Becetti 37% case Loucera 69% death Oku 92% death Sahebari 56% case Obrișcă 87% case Isnardi 34% death Sukumar 38% case Shahrin -88% case Shukla 5% PASC Nasri (RCT) 92% symp. case Llanos-Cue.. (RCT) -69% case Mathew 20% death Chevalier 35% death COVAD Sen 40% PASC Dulcey 21% case Alqatari 89% ventilation Finkelstein (PSM) 21% case Klebanov 31% death Scirocco 41% death/intubation Tau​2​ = 0.15, I​2​ = 78.1%, p < 0.0001 PrEP 33% 33% lower risk Boulware (RCT) 17% case BCN-PEP-CoV2 Mitjà (RCT) 46% death Polat 57% case Dhibar 44% symp. case Simova 93% case HCQ COVID-19 PEP Barnabas (RCT) -4% hospitalization Shabani 19% symp. case Dhibar (RCT) 27% symp. case Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.006 PEP 30% 30% lower risk All studies 26% 26% lower risk All 413 HCQ C19 studies c19hcq.org October 2023 Tau​2​ = 0.13, I​2​ = 84.0%, p < 0.0001 Effect extraction pre-specifiedRotate device for details Favors HCQ Favors control